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FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT
WHAT ARE MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
Management
functions refer to the fundamental activities that managers perform in order to
achieve the goals and objectives of an organization. These functions are
essential for effective management and are typically categorized into four key
areas: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Let's explore each
function in more detail:
Planning: Planning is the process of setting
goals, defining strategies, and determining the actions required to achieve
those goals. It involves analyzing the current situation, forecasting future
trends, and developing plans of action. Planning helps managers establish a
clear direction for the organization, allocate resources effectively, and make
informed decisions. It includes tasks such as goal setting, formulating
strategies, creating budgets, and developing timelines.
Organizing: Organizing is the process of
structuring and arranging resources, tasks, and activities to achieve
organizational objectives. It involves designing the organizational structure,
defining roles and responsibilities, and establishing coordination mechanisms.
Managers in this function determine how resources such as people, materials,
and equipment will be allocated and how tasks will be divided. Organizing
ensures that the right people are in the right positions and that there is a
framework for collaboration and efficiency.
Leading: Leading, also known as directing,
involves guiding and influencing individuals or teams to work towards achieving
organizational goals. It encompasses motivating employees, communicating
expectations, providing guidance, and resolving conflicts. Effective leaders
inspire and engage their team members, foster a positive work culture, and
encourage collaboration. Leading also involves making decisions, coaching
employees, and ensuring that everyone is working towards the common objectives.
Controlling: Controlling is the process of monitoring
progress, measuring performance, and taking corrective action when necessary.
It involves comparing actual results with planned objectives, identifying
deviations, and implementing adjustments to keep activities on track.
Controlling ensures that performance meets the desired standards and that any
deviations are addressed promptly. This function includes tasks such as setting
performance metrics, conducting performance evaluations, analyzing data, and
implementing corrective measures.
These four
functions of management are interconnected and mutually supportive. Effective
managers perform these functions in a continuous and integrated manner,
adapting their approach as needed to achieve organizational goals. By
effectively planning, organizing, leading, and controlling, managers provide
the foundation for efficient operations, employee engagement, and overall
organizational success.
CLASSIFCATION OF MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
Management
functions can be classified into three broad categories:
Top-level
Management Functions:
a. Strategic Planning: Involves setting long-term goals and
objectives for the organization and developing strategies to achieve them.
Top-level managers are responsible for formulating the overall direction and
vision of the organization.
b. Decision-Making: Involves making critical decisions
that affect the organization as a whole. Top-level managers analyze
information, assess risks, and choose the most appropriate course of action to
achieve organizational objectives.
c. Policy Formulation: Involves developing policies and
guidelines that guide the actions and behaviors of employees. Top-level
managers establish the framework within which the organization operates.
Middle-level
Management Functions:
a. Tactical Planning: Involves translating the strategic
plans into specific actions and initiatives. Middle-level managers develop
short-term plans and allocate resources to meet the strategic goals of the
organization.
b. Organizing: Involves structuring and coordinating
resources and tasks within the organization. Middle-level managers determine
the division of labor, establish reporting relationships, and ensure efficient
utilization of resources.
c. Team Building: Involves building and managing teams
to achieve departmental objectives. Middle-level managers promote
collaboration, facilitate communication, and develop effective work teams.
Supervisory
Management Functions:
a. Operational Planning: Involves setting specific objectives
and targets for daily operations. Supervisory managers develop detailed plans,
schedules, and procedures to ensure the smooth execution of tasks.
b. Directing: Involves providing guidance and
instructions to employees to accomplish tasks and achieve goals. Supervisory
managers motivate, train, and supervise employees to ensure efficient and
effective performance.
c. Controlling: Involves monitoring and evaluating
performance to ensure compliance with standards and targets. Supervisory
managers assess employee performance, provide feedback, and take corrective
actions when necessary.
It's
important to note that these categories are not mutually exclusive, and
managers at different levels often perform functions from multiple categories.
The classification provides a framework for understanding the varying
responsibilities and focus of managers at different levels in the
organizational hierarchy.
FUNCTIONS/ELEMENTS OF MANAGEMENT
The
functions or elements of management refer to the fundamental activities that
managers perform to achieve organizational goals and objectives. These
functions are widely recognized and form the basis of managerial roles and
responsibilities. The key functions of management include:
Planning: Planning involves setting goals,
objectives, and strategies to guide organizational activities. It includes
analyzing the current situation, forecasting future trends, and developing
action plans. Planning provides a roadmap for the organization, helps allocate
resources effectively, and enables managers to make informed decisions.
Organizing: Organizing is the process of
structuring and arranging resources, tasks, and activities to achieve desired
outcomes. It includes designing the organizational structure, defining roles
and responsibilities, and establishing coordination mechanisms. Organizing
ensures that resources are allocated efficiently and that there is a clear
framework for collaboration and accountability.
Staffing: Staffing involves acquiring and
developing a competent workforce to accomplish organizational goals. It includes
tasks such as recruiting, selecting, training, and evaluating employees.
Staffing ensures that the organization has the right people in the right
positions and that employees have the necessary skills and knowledge to perform
their roles effectively.
Leading: Leading, also known as directing,
involves guiding and influencing individuals or teams to work towards
organizational objectives. It includes tasks such as motivating employees,
communicating expectations, providing guidance, and resolving conflicts.
Effective leadership inspires and engages employees, fosters a positive work
culture, and encourages collaboration.
Controlling: Controlling is the process of
monitoring progress, measuring performance, and taking corrective action when
necessary. It involves comparing actual results with planned objectives,
identifying deviations, and implementing adjustments to keep activities on
track. Controlling ensures that performance meets desired standards and that
any deviations are addressed promptly.
These functions
of management are interrelated and interdependent. Managers at all levels in an
organization perform these functions to varying degrees, depending on their
roles and responsibilities. By effectively executing these functions, managers
provide the framework for efficient operations, employee engagement, and
overall organizational success.
Multiple
Choice Questions:
1. Which function of
management involves setting goals, defining strategies, and developing plans of
action?
a) Planning
b) Organizing
c) Leading
d)
Controlling
2. What does the organizing
function of management involve?
a)
Motivating employees
b)
Structuring and arranging resources
c)
Monitoring progress and taking corrective action
d) Setting
performance metrics
3. Leading, also known as
directing, involves:
a) Comparing
actual results with planned objectives
b) Designing
the organizational structure
c) Guiding
and influencing individuals or teams
d) Setting
long-term goals and objectives
4. The controlling function
of management includes tasks such as:
a)
Conducting performance evaluations
b)
Translating strategic plans into specific actions
c) Setting
short-term goals and targets
d) Developing
policies and guidelines
5. Which category of
management functions involves setting long-term goals and objectives for the
organization?
a) Top-level
management functions
b)
Middle-level management functions
c)
Supervisory management functions
Multiple
Choice Questions:
6. Which function of
management involves setting goals, objectives, and strategies to guide
organizational activities?
a) Planning
b)
Organizing
c) Staffing
d) Leading
7. What does the organizing
function of management involve?
a) Acquiring
and developing a competent workforce
b)
Monitoring progress and measuring performance
c)
Structuring and arranging resources, tasks, and activities
d) Guiding
and influencing individuals or teams
8. Staffing in management
involves tasks such as:
a) Comparing
actual results with planned objectives
b) Designing
the organizational structure
c) Acquiring
and developing a competent workforce
d) Setting
goals, objectives, and strategies
9. Leading, also known as
directing, involves:
a) Analyzing
the current situation and forecasting future trends
b) Guiding
and influencing individuals or teams
c)
Monitoring progress, measuring performance, and taking corrective action
d)
Structuring and arranging resources, tasks, and activities
10. The controlling
function of management includes tasks such as:
a) Setting
goals, objectives, and strategies
b) Comparing
actual results with planned objectives
c) Acquiring
and developing a competent workforce
d) Guiding
and influencing individuals or teams
True-False
Questions:
1.
Planning involves analyzing the current situation and forecasting future
trends. (True/False)
2.
Organizing involves determining how resources will be allocated and how
tasks will be divided. (True/False)
3.
Leading involves monitoring progress and taking corrective action. (True/False)
4.
Tactical planning involves translating strategic plans into specific
actions. (True/False)
5.
Directing involves providing guidance and instructions to employees. (True/False)
6.
Planning involves analyzing the current situation and forecasting future
trends. (True/False)
7.
Organizing involves designing the organizational structure and defining
roles and responsibilities. (True/False)
8.
Staffing involves acquiring and developing a competent workforce. (True/False)
9.
Leading involves monitoring progress and measuring performance. (True/False)
10.
Controlling involves comparing actual results with planned objectives. (True/False)
VERY SHORTY ANSWER QUESTIONS
Q.1. Enumerate any two functions of top level management?
Ans. Sure! Here are two functions of
top-level management:
Strategic Planning: Top-level
management is responsible for developing the overall strategic direction of the
organization. They set long-term goals, define strategies, and make decisions
to guide the organization's growth and success.
Decision-Making: Top-level
management makes critical decisions that have a significant impact on the
organization. They analyze information, assess risks, and choose the most
appropriate courses of action to achieve organizational objectives.
These functions highlight the key responsibilities of
top-level management in setting the strategic direction and making important
decisions for the organization.
Q.2.What is meant by co-ordination?
Ans. In a very short answer, coordination
refers to the process of integrating and harmonizing activities and efforts
within an organization to achieve common goals. It involves ensuring that
different individuals, teams, and departments work together efficiently and
effectively towards a shared purpose. Coordination facilitates collaboration,
communication, and synchronization of tasks and resources to maximize
productivity and achieve desired outcomes.
Q.3. Give any three elements of directing?
Ans. In a very short answer, here are three
elements of directing:
Leadership: Directing
involves providing leadership to guide and inspire employees towards achieving
organizational goals. Leaders set a positive example, motivate employees, and
communicate expectations to foster a productive work environment.
Communication: Effective
communication is a key element of directing. Managers must convey clear
instructions, share information, and facilitate open and transparent
communication channels to ensure that employees understand their roles, tasks,
and expectations.
Motivation: Directing
involves motivating employees to perform at their best. Managers use various
strategies to motivate employees, such as recognition and rewards, career
development opportunities, and creating a supportive work environment that
encourages employee engagement and commitment.
Q.4. Name the functions of management?
Ans. In a very short answer, the functions of
management are:
1. Planning
2. Organizing
3. Leading
4. Controlling
Q.5. Explain the key word ‘PODSCORB’?
Ans. In very short, the key word 'PODSCORB' represents
the functions of management as follows:
P - Planning: Setting goals and defining strategies.
O - Organizing: Structuring resources and tasks.
D - Directing: Guiding and influencing individuals.
S - Staffing: Acquiring and developing a competent workforce.
C - Coordinating: Integrating and harmonizing activities.
O - Reporting: Flow of information within the
organization.
R - Budgeting: Allocating financial resources.
B - Controlling: Monitoring progress and taking
corrective action.
These functions encompass the essential aspects of
managing an organization.
Q.6. Explain process of management?
Ans. In a very short answer, the process of
management refers to the activities and steps undertaken by managers to
accomplish organizational goals effectively. It involves four key functions:
Planning: Setting
objectives, defining strategies, and developing action plans to achieve desired
outcomes.
Organizing: Structuring
resources, tasks, and teams to facilitate the execution of plans.
Leading: Guiding
and motivating employees, facilitating effective communication, and fostering a
positive work environment.
Controlling: Monitoring
progress, evaluating performance, and making necessary adjustments to ensure
goals are met.
This process is continuous and cyclical, as managers
constantly assess and adapt their approaches to achieve desired outcomes in a
dynamic business environment.
Q.7.What do you mean by integration?
Ans. In very short, integration refers to the
process of bringing together different components or elements to create a
unified and coordinated whole. It involves aligning and combining various parts
to achieve synergy and enhance efficiency. Integration can occur at different
levels, such as integrating departments, processes, systems, and people, to
ensure smooth operations and collaboration within an organization.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Q.1. Planning is the basic function of management’
Explain?
Ans. In a very short answer, planning is
considered the basic function of management because it lays the foundation for
all other managerial activities. It involves setting goals, defining
strategies, and developing action plans to guide the organization's activities
and achieve desired outcomes. Planning helps managers anticipate future events,
make informed decisions, allocate resources effectively, and stay focused on
the organization's mission and vision. It provides a roadmap for the
organization's success and serves as a basis for organizing, leading, and
controlling functions of management.
Q.2. State briefly the functions of operating management?
Ans. In a very short answer, the functions of
operating management include:
Production: Overseeing
the manufacturing or delivery of goods and services.
Quality Control: Ensuring
products or services meet defined quality standards.
Inventory Management: Managing inventory levels to meet
customer demands while minimizing costs.
Cost Control: Monitoring
and managing operational expenses to improve efficiency.
Supply Chain Management: Coordinating
the flow of materials, information, and resources across the supply chain.
These functions focus on the day-to-day operations of the
organization, ensuring smooth production processes, maintaining quality,
managing inventory, controlling costs, and optimizing the supply chain.
Q.3. Explain the importance of ‘directing as a function
of management?
Ans. In very short, directing is important as a
function of management because it:
Provides guidance and instructions to employees, ensuring
their actions are aligned with organizational goals.
Motivates and engages employees, leading to increased
productivity and job satisfaction.
Facilitates coordination and collaboration among
individuals and teams, enhancing efficiency and teamwork.
Resolves conflicts and manages interpersonal issues,
promoting a harmonious work environment.
Supports change management efforts, helping employees
adapt to new processes or strategies.
Enables effective decision-making by providing necessary
information and guidance.
Overall, directing ensures that employees are directed
towards achieving organizational objectives, leading to improved performance,
employee satisfaction, and organizational success.
Q.4. State the meaning of co- ordination?
Ans. In very short, coordination refers to
the process of integrating and harmonizing activities, tasks, and efforts of
individuals or groups to achieve common goals. It involves ensuring that
different parts of an organization work together in a synchronized manner,
minimizing conflicts, redundancies, and inefficiencies. Coordinated efforts
lead to improved efficiency, collaboration, and overall effectiveness in
achieving organizational objectives.
Q.5. Distinguish between coordination and cooperation?
Ans. In very short, coordination and
cooperation can be distinguished as follows:
Coordination: Coordination
focuses on organizing and aligning activities to ensure efficient and effective
outcomes. It involves synchronizing efforts, avoiding conflicts, and optimizing
resources.
Cooperation: Cooperation
emphasizes working together in a collaborative manner. It involves mutual
support, sharing of ideas, and collective efforts towards a common goal.
In summary, coordination is about organizing and
optimizing activities, while cooperation is about collaborative teamwork and
mutual support. Coordination ensures efficient processes, while cooperation
fosters a positive and collaborative work environment. Both coordination and
cooperation are essential for achieving organizational objectives.
Q.6.Expain the term PODSCORB?
Ans. The term PODSCORB is an acronym that
represents the key functions of management. Each letter in the acronym stands
for a specific function. Here is the breakdown of each element in PODSCORB:
Planning: Planning
involves setting goals, defining objectives, and determining the course of
action to achieve them. It includes analyzing the current situation, making
decisions, and creating strategies to guide the organization.
Organizing: Organizing
involves structuring and arranging resources, tasks, and people in a way that
promotes efficiency and effectiveness. It includes designing the organizational
structure, allocating responsibilities, and establishing communication
channels.
Directing: Directing
focuses on leading and guiding employees towards accomplishing organizational
goals. It involves providing instructions, motivating employees, and facilitating
communication to ensure coordinated efforts and optimal performance.
Staffing: Staffing
involves acquiring and selecting the right individuals for the organization. It
includes activities such as recruitment, selection, training, and development
of employees. Staffing aims to ensure that the organization has the necessary
talent and skills to achieve its objectives.
Coordinating: Coordinating
entails integrating and harmonizing activities, tasks, and efforts of
individuals or groups to achieve common goals. It involves aligning different
parts of the organization, resolving conflicts, and optimizing resources for
effective collaboration.
Reporting: Reporting
involves the flow of information within the organization. It includes
collecting, analyzing, and disseminating relevant data to support
decision-making and provide feedback on performance.
Budgeting: Budgeting
refers to the process of allocating financial resources and creating a
financial plan. It involves estimating costs, setting budgets, and monitoring
financial performance to ensure effective resource management.
PODSCORB provides a comprehensive framework for
understanding the various functions and activities involved in management. By
addressing each element, managers can effectively plan, organize, direct,
staff, coordinate, report, and budget to achieve organizational objectives.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
Q.1.”To manage is to forecast and plan to organise, to
command, to co- ordinate and control” In the light of this statement, briefly
explain the functions of management?
Ans. In the light of the statement "To
manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate, and
control," the functions of management can be explained as follows:
Forecasting and Planning: This
function involves analyzing the present situation, predicting future trends,
and setting goals and objectives. Managers use forecasting techniques to
anticipate changes and develop strategies and action plans to achieve desired
outcomes.
Organizing: Organizing
is the process of arranging and allocating resources such as people, materials,
and financial assets to achieve organizational goals. Managers establish the
organizational structure, define roles and responsibilities, and create an
efficient workflow.
Commanding: Commanding
refers to the role of managers in providing guidance, direction, and
instructions to employees. Managers communicate goals, delegate tasks, and
motivate employees to accomplish their assigned responsibilities. Effective
leadership is crucial in this function.
Coordinating: Coordinating
involves harmonizing and aligning activities, efforts, and resources to achieve
desired outcomes. Managers facilitate collaboration, establish communication
channels, and ensure that different parts of the organization work together
effectively towards common objectives.
Controlling: Controlling
is the process of monitoring and evaluating performance to ensure that plans
are being implemented effectively. Managers establish performance standards,
measure actual performance, compare it with the desired goals, and take corrective
actions if necessary.
In summary, the functions of management involve
forecasting and planning for the future, organizing resources, commanding and
leading employees, coordinating efforts, and controlling performance. By
performing these functions, managers can effectively guide and direct the
organization towards achieving its goals.
Q.2. Classify the functions of management. Also discuss
the nature of management functions?
Ans. The functions of management can be
classified into four broad categories:
Planning: Planning
involves setting objectives, identifying actions to achieve those objectives,
and developing strategies to accomplish organizational goals. It includes
analyzing the current situation, making decisions, and allocating resources
effectively.
Organizing: Organizing
is the process of arranging resources, tasks, and people to achieve the
objectives defined in the planning stage. It involves designing the
organizational structure, defining roles and responsibilities, establishing
communication channels, and coordinating activities.
Leading: Leading
or directing refers to the process of influencing and guiding employees to
accomplish organizational goals. It involves motivating, inspiring, and
communicating with employees, providing guidance and support, and resolving
conflicts.
Controlling: Controlling
is the function of monitoring and evaluating the performance of individuals,
teams, and the organization as a whole. It involves establishing performance
standards, measuring actual performance, comparing it with the desired goals,
and taking corrective actions as necessary.
The
nature of management functions can be summarized as follows:
Interrelated: The
management functions are interdependent and closely related to each other. They
are not performed in isolation but rather in a coordinated manner to achieve
organizational goals. For example, planning sets the direction for organizing,
leading supports the implementation of plans, and controlling ensures that
activities are aligned with the established objectives.
Continuous: Management
functions are continuous and ongoing processes. They are not one-time
activities but rather require continuous attention and adjustment. Planning,
organizing, leading, and controlling are repeated at various levels and stages
of management to adapt to changing circumstances and ensure ongoing success.
Dynamic: The
nature of management functions is dynamic due to the ever-changing internal and
external business environment. Managers need to be flexible, adaptable, and
responsive in their approach to effectively carry out the functions of
management. They must adjust plans, reorganize resources, inspire and guide
employees, and monitor performance to stay ahead in a dynamic and competitive
landscape.
Universal: The
functions of management are applicable to all types of organizations,
regardless of their size, sector, or industry. Whether it's a small business, a
nonprofit organization, or a multinational corporation, the fundamental
functions of management remain essential for achieving organizational
objectives.
In summary, the functions of management, namely planning,
organizing, leading, and controlling, are interrelated, continuous, dynamic, and
applicable across different organizations. They provide a framework for
managers to effectively navigate the complexities of the business world and
achieve desired outcomes.
Q.3. Discuss the various functions which constitute the
process of management?
Ans. The process of management consists of
several interrelated functions that work together to achieve organizational
goals. The main functions of management include planning, organizing, leading,
and controlling. Let's discuss each of these functions:
Planning: Planning
involves setting objectives, determining the actions needed to achieve those
objectives, and developing a roadmap for the organization. It includes
analyzing the current situation, defining goals, and establishing strategies
and tactics to accomplish them. Planning helps managers anticipate future
challenges, allocate resources effectively, and make informed decisions. It
provides a clear direction for the organization and ensures that everyone is
working towards a common goal.
Organizing: Organizing
is the process of arranging resources and tasks to achieve the planned
objectives. It involves establishing a formal structure, defining roles and
responsibilities, and allocating resources such as people, finances, and
materials. Organizing ensures that there is a clear division of labor,
coordination among different departments, and an efficient workflow. It aims to
optimize resources and create an environment that supports effective communication
and collaboration.
Leading: Leading
involves guiding, motivating, and inspiring employees to work towards the
achievement of organizational goals. It requires effective communication,
strong interpersonal skills, and the ability to influence and motivate others.
Leaders provide guidance, set expectations, and create a positive work culture.
They inspire employees to perform at their best, resolve conflicts, and
facilitate teamwork. Leading is crucial for creating a motivated and engaged
workforce that is aligned with the organization's vision and values.
Controlling: Controlling
is the process of monitoring and evaluating performance to ensure that it
aligns with planned objectives. It involves establishing performance standards,
measuring actual performance, comparing it with the desired goals, and taking
corrective actions if there are any deviations. Controlling helps managers
identify variances, analyze their causes, and make necessary adjustments to
keep the organization on track. It ensures that resources are used efficiently,
quality standards are maintained, and goals are achieved in a timely manner.
These functions of management are interdependent and need
to be performed in a coordinated manner. They form a continuous cycle of
activities that managers engage in to plan, organize, lead, and control the
organization's operations. By effectively executing these functions, managers
can ensure the efficient and effective utilization of resources, the
achievement of organizational objectives, and the overall success of the
organization.
Q.4. Discuss in detail the functions of management?
Ans. The functions of management are the key
activities that managers perform to ensure the smooth operation of an
organization and the achievement of its goals. The main functions of management
include planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Let's discuss each of
these functions in detail:
Planning: Planning
is the process of setting goals, determining the course of action, and
developing strategies to achieve those goals. It involves analyzing the current
situation, forecasting future trends, and making decisions about what needs to
be done. The planning function includes defining objectives, identifying tasks
and resources required, establishing timelines, and developing budgets.
Effective planning helps managers anticipate challenges, allocate resources
efficiently, and guide the organization towards its desired outcomes.
Organizing: Organizing
involves arranging resources, tasks, and people in a structured manner to
achieve organizational goals. It includes designing the organizational
structure, defining roles and responsibilities, and establishing relationships
among employees. The organizing function ensures that resources such as human
capital, finances, and materials are allocated effectively. It also involves
creating systems and processes to facilitate coordination and collaboration
within the organization.
Leading: Leading
is the function of guiding and influencing employees to work towards the
achievement of organizational goals. It involves motivating, inspiring, and
directing individuals and teams. Leaders provide a vision, set expectations,
and communicate effectively with employees. They encourage employee engagement,
resolve conflicts, and promote a positive work culture. Effective leadership is
crucial for fostering employee commitment, maximizing their potential, and
driving performance.
Controlling: Controlling
is the function of monitoring and evaluating performance to ensure that it
aligns with planned objectives. It involves establishing performance standards,
measuring actual performance, comparing it with the desired goals, and taking
corrective actions as needed. Controlling includes activities such as
performance reviews, quality control, and financial monitoring. It helps
managers identify deviations, analyze the causes, and make adjustments to keep
the organization on track.
These functions of management are not performed in
isolation but are interconnected and often overlap. Managers engage in a
continuous cycle of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling to ensure
the effective management of resources, the achievement of organizational
objectives, and the overall success of the organization. Each function is
critical and contributes to the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the
management process.
Q.5. Discuss in detail the functions of management?
Ans. Certainly! The functions of management
are the key activities that managers perform to ensure the smooth operation of
an organization and the achievement of its goals. The functions of management
are commonly classified as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.
Let's discuss each function in detail:
Planning: Planning
is the process of setting objectives, defining strategies, and determining the
course of action to achieve those objectives. It involves analyzing the current
situation, identifying opportunities and challenges, and making decisions about
what needs to be done. The planning function includes setting goals, developing
plans, establishing timelines, and allocating resources. It helps managers
anticipate future needs, make informed decisions, and create a roadmap for the
organization.
Organizing: Organizing
involves arranging resources, tasks, and people in a structured manner to
achieve organizational goals. It includes designing the organizational
structure, defining roles and responsibilities, and establishing relationships
among employees. The organizing function ensures that resources such as human
capital, finances, and materials are allocated effectively. It also involves
creating systems and processes to facilitate coordination, communication, and
collaboration within the organization.
Leading: Leading
is the function of guiding and influencing employees to work towards the
achievement of organizational goals. It involves motivating, inspiring, and
directing individuals and teams. Leaders provide a vision, set expectations,
and communicate effectively with employees. They encourage employee engagement,
resolve conflicts, and promote a positive work culture. Effective leadership is
crucial for fostering employee commitment, maximizing their potential, and
driving performance.
Controlling: Controlling
is the function of monitoring and evaluating performance to ensure that it
aligns with planned objectives. It involves establishing performance standards,
measuring actual performance, comparing it with the desired goals, and taking
corrective actions as needed. Controlling includes activities such as
performance reviews, quality control, and financial monitoring. It helps
managers identify deviations, analyze the causes, and make adjustments to keep
the organization on track.
In addition to these four functions, some management
scholars also include additional functions such as staffing, directing, and
decision-making as part of the management process. These functions may vary
depending on the context and the specific needs of the organization.
It's important to note that the functions of management
are not performed in isolation, but rather as an ongoing and interconnected
process. Managers engage in a continuous cycle of planning, organizing,
leading, and controlling to ensure the effective management of resources, the
achievement of organizational objectives, and the overall success of the
organization. Each function is critical and contributes to the overall
efficiency and effectiveness of the management process.
Q.6.What is management? Write in detail the functions of
management?
Ans. Management refers to the process of
coordinating and overseeing the activities and resources of an organization to
achieve its objectives effectively and efficiently. It involves planning,
organizing, leading, and controlling the various aspects of the organization to
ensure its success.
Let's discuss each of the functions of
management in detail:
Planning: Planning
is the process of setting goals, defining objectives, and determining the best
course of action to achieve them. It involves analyzing the current situation,
identifying opportunities and challenges, and making decisions about what needs
to be done. Planning includes developing strategies, establishing timelines,
allocating resources, and creating contingency plans. It provides a roadmap for
the organization, aligns efforts towards a common goal, and helps in making
informed decisions.
Organizing: Organizing
involves arranging resources, tasks, and people in a structured manner to
achieve organizational goals. It includes designing the organizational
structure, defining roles and responsibilities, and establishing relationships
among employees. Organizing ensures that resources such as human capital,
finances, and materials are allocated effectively. It also involves creating
systems and processes to facilitate coordination, communication, and collaboration
within the organization.
Leading: Leading
is the function of guiding and influencing employees to work towards the
achievement of organizational goals. It involves motivating, inspiring, and
directing individuals and teams. Leaders provide a vision, set expectations,
and communicate effectively with employees. They encourage employee engagement,
resolve conflicts, and promote a positive work culture. Effective leadership is
crucial for fostering employee commitment, maximizing their potential, and
driving performance.
Controlling: Controlling
is the function of monitoring and evaluating performance to ensure that it
aligns with planned objectives. It involves establishing performance standards,
measuring actual performance, comparing it with the desired goals, and taking
corrective actions as needed. Controlling includes activities such as
performance reviews, quality control, and financial monitoring. It helps
managers identify deviations, analyze the causes, and make adjustments to keep
the organization on track.
These functions of management are interrelated and should
be performed in a coordinated manner. They form a continuous cycle of
activities that managers engage in to plan, organize, lead, and control the
organization's operations. By effectively executing these functions, managers
can ensure the efficient and effective utilization of resources, the
achievement of organizational objectives, and the overall success of the
organization.
A.
One Word to One Sentence Questions
0. 1. What is planning?
Ans. Planning is thinking in advance
about future course of action.
O. 2. What is Organising?
Ans. It is the process of establishing a
suitable structure to achieve the desired objectives.
Q. 3. What is Directing?
Ans. Directing is the process of giving
directions to work as per plans.
0. 4. What is Staffing?
Ans. Staffing refers to the
appointment of suitable persons on various functional posts in the
organisation.
Q. 5. What is
Co-ordination?
Ans. Co-ordination is the process of
establishing synchronisation in the working of various persons and departments.
O. 6. What is Controlling?
Ans. It is the process of regulating
the working of the organisation.
Q. 7. What is Motivation?
Ans. It is the process of encouraging
the employees for the achievement of organisational objectives.
Q. 8. Which function of
management recruitment, selection, training etc. of employees?
Ans. Staffing.
Q. 9. What is Leadership?
Ans. It is the process through which higher
authorities influence and encourage their subordinates.
B.
Fill in the Blanks
1. Co-ordination works as the nervous system of
the body of organisation.
2. Planning is the process of thinking in
advance.
3. Leadership is an element of directing.
4. Co-ordination is the essence of management.
5. The function of monitoring organisational
performance is called controlling.
C. True or False
1. Controlling is concerned with the
implementation of plans. True
2. Co-ordination is the essence of
management. True
3. Organising is the first function
of management. False
4. Control is exercised at top level only. False
5. Planning is a basic managerial
function. True
D.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which is the process
that integrates the activities of different departments? (a) Co-ordination (b) Organising
(c) Supervision (d)
Communication.
(a) Co-ordination
2. The functions performed
by top management are the most important because they take care of
(a) the whole
organisation (b)
the specific problem
(c) the routine
problem (d)
None of these.
(a) the whole organisation
3. In the acronym POSDCORB,
S and D stand for:
(a) Services and
Direction (b)
Staffing, Directing
(c) Staffing and
Distribution (d)
None of these.
(b) Staffing, Directing
4. Which function is
regarded as essence of management?
(a) Directing
(b) Co-ordination
(c) Controlling
(d) Organising.
(b) Co-ordination
5. Which function of
management is concerned with the appointment of suitable persons on various
posts in the organisation?
(a) Organising (b)
Staffing
(c) Directing (d)
Communication.
(b) Staffing
Two
Marks Questions:
Q. 1. What do you
understand by ‘POSDCORB’?
Ans. 1. P—Planning, 2. 0—Organising,
3. S—Staffing, 4. D—Directing, 5. CO—Co ordinating, 6. R—Reporting, 7.
B—Budgeting
Q. 2. What is co-ordination
function of management?
Ans. The process of establishing
synchronisation in the working of various persons and departments in the
organisation is known as co-ordination. This function of management binds the
whole of the organisation in an efficient hierarchical chain. Efficient
co-ordination plays a vital role in the success of the organisation.
Q. 3. What is controlling
function of management?
Ans. The process of regulating the
working of the organisation for the achievement of organisational objectives is
known as controlling. Under it, actual performance of the employees is
evaluated in comparison to specified performance standards and any deviation in
this context is reported. Then, corrective action is taken as per needs and
circumstances.
Q. 4. What is meant by
management in action?
Ans. Functions of management refer to
functions performed by the management of the organisation for the existence,
working and success of the organisation. In every organisation, management of
the organisation performs these functions for the achievement of pre-determined
objectives. Under these functions, management of the organisation ensures the
success of the organisation by making optimum use of the limited resources of
the organisation.
Four
Marks Questions:
Q. 1. Explain controlling
function of management.
Ans. The process of regulating the
working of the organisation for the achievement of organisational objectives is
known as controlling. Under it, actual performance of the employees is
evaluated in comparison to specified performance standards and any deviation in
this context is reported. Then, corrective action is taken as per needs and
circumstances. Following steps are included in the
process of controlling:
(a) To implement specified plans and
policies.
(b) To evaluate the actual
performance of the employees.
(c) To compare the actual performance
of the employees with pre-determined performance standards.
(d) If there is any deviation in
actual performance, then to make efforts for correction and improvement.
Q. 2. Explain staffing in
detail.
Ans. Staffing refers to the
appointment of suitable persons on various functional posts in the
organisation. Under staffing ; decisions about identifying, recruitment,
selection, training, development, promotion, payment of remuneration and
performance evaluation of employees required for performing various functions
of the organisation are made. Under the process of staffing, not only various
vacancies in the organisation are filled by appointing suitable persons at
various functional posts, but efforts are also made to keep those posts filled.
Q. 3. "Co-ordination
is the essence of management of an organisation". Discuss. Ans. The process of establishing synchronisation in the working of
various persons and departments in the organisation is known as co-ordination.
This function of management binds the whole of the organisation in an efficient
hierarchical chain. Efficient co-ordination plays a vital role in the success
of the organisation. Under the process of co-ordination, efforts required to be
made for performing various functions of the organisation, the quality of
efforts, the timing and sequence of efforts to be made etc. are determined so
that organisation may function without any problem That is why some scholars
give too much importance to the process of co-ordination by referring to it as
the essence' of the management.
