CH 3 Principles of Management

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PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

MEANING OF PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

The principles of management are fundamental guidelines or concepts that serve as a foundation for effective management practices. These principles provide managers with a framework for decision-making, problem-solving, and organizational behavior. They are derived from the experiences and observations of successful managers and are applicable across various industries and organizational settings.

The principles of management help managers in achieving organizational goals, maximizing efficiency, and creating a conducive work environment. They guide managers in making informed decisions, formulating strategies, allocating resources, and leading their teams effectively. These principles are based on the understanding of human behavior, organizational dynamics, and the interrelationships between various elements of management.

By applying the principles of management, managers can improve their leadership skills, enhance employee performance, foster teamwork, and create a culture of continuous improvement. These principles emphasize the importance of effective communication, delegation, motivation, and adaptation to change. They provide managers with a set of guidelines to handle challenges, resolve conflicts, and make sound decisions in complex and dynamic business environments.

Overall, the principles of management serve as a valuable tool for managers to navigate the complexities of their roles and responsibilities. They help establish a solid foundation for managerial success and contribute to the overall effectiveness and efficiency of an organization.

NATURE / CHARACTERISTICS OF MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES

The nature or characteristics of management principles can be summarized as follows:

Universality: Management principles are universal in nature, meaning they are applicable to all types of organizations, regardless of their size, industry, or geographical location. These principles are based on fundamental aspects of human behavior, organizational dynamics, and managerial practices that are relevant across different contexts.

Flexibility: Management principles are flexible and adaptable. They can be customized and applied according to the specific needs and circumstances of an organization. Managers have the flexibility to interpret and implement these principles based on the unique challenges and opportunities they face.

General Guidelines: Management principles provide general guidelines or frameworks rather than specific step-by-step instructions. They offer a broad direction for managers to make decisions, solve problems, and perform their managerial functions effectively. Managers need to interpret and apply these principles in a manner that suits their particular situation.

Behavioral Basis: Management principles are based on an understanding of human behavior and motivation. They recognize the importance of addressing the needs, aspirations, and behaviors of individuals within an organization. These principles focus on creating an environment that promotes employee satisfaction, engagement, and productivity.

Continuous Improvement: Management principles are not fixed or static. They evolve and adapt over time as new management practices, technologies, and business environments emerge. Managers are encouraged to continuously update their knowledge and skills to stay abreast of evolving principles and practices.

Guidelines for Decision-Making: Management principles serve as guidelines for managers to make informed decisions. They help managers consider various factors, weigh different options, and choose the most appropriate course of action. These principles provide a rational and systematic approach to decision-making.

Interrelatedness: Management principles are interrelated and interconnected. They are not independent concepts but rather influence and impact each other. For example, effective planning is necessary for successful organizing, and effective organizing is crucial for leading and controlling.

Practical Orientation: Management principles have a practical orientation and are focused on achieving results. They are designed to help managers overcome challenges, achieve organizational goals, and improve overall performance. These principles are aimed at enhancing managerial effectiveness and efficiency.

In summary, the nature of management principles highlights their universality, flexibility, behavioral basis, and continuous improvement. They provide general guidelines for decision-making, are interrelated, and have a practical orientation to drive organizational success.

NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES

The need and importance of management principles can be understood from the following perspectives:

Provides a Framework: Management principles provide a framework for managers to guide their actions and decisions. They offer a set of fundamental concepts, theories, and guidelines that help managers effectively carry out their responsibilities. These principles act as a roadmap, offering direction and structure in the complex and dynamic field of management.

Enhances Decision-Making: Management principles provide managers with a systematic approach to decision-making. By understanding and applying these principles, managers can analyze situations, consider various alternatives, and make informed decisions. The principles help managers evaluate risks, assess potential outcomes, and choose the most appropriate course of action.

Improves Efficiency and Effectiveness: Management principles contribute to improved efficiency and effectiveness in organizational operations. They provide managers with insights into best practices, efficient resource allocation, and optimal utilization of available resources. By adhering to these principles, managers can streamline processes, eliminate redundancies, and enhance overall productivity.

Promotes Consistency: Management principles promote consistency in managerial practices across different levels and departments within an organization. They establish a common understanding and language among managers, ensuring that everyone follows similar approaches and methodologies. This consistency fosters coordination, collaboration, and seamless integration of efforts towards achieving organizational goals.

Facilitates Organizational Growth and Adaptation: Management principles enable organizations to adapt to changing environments and grow sustainably. By understanding and applying these principles, managers can effectively respond to external forces, technological advancements, and market trends. The principles guide managers in developing strategies, managing resources, and implementing change initiatives to ensure organizational success and survival.

Enhances Employee Satisfaction and Engagement: Management principles recognize the importance of human factors in organizational success. By valuing principles such as employee empowerment, motivation, and open communication, managers can create a positive work environment. This, in turn, enhances employee satisfaction, engagement, and commitment to achieving organizational objectives.

Provides a Learning Platform: Management principles serve as a learning platform for managers to continuously develop their skills and knowledge. By studying and understanding these principles, managers can stay updated with emerging trends, innovative practices, and evolving theories. This ongoing learning process enables managers to improve their capabilities and adapt to the dynamic nature of the business world.

Promotes Ethical and Responsible Management: Management principles emphasize ethical and responsible management practices. They guide managers to make decisions and take actions that align with ethical standards, legal requirements, and societal expectations. Adhering to these principles helps organizations build a positive reputation, maintain stakeholder trust, and contribute to sustainable development.

In conclusion, management principles are essential for providing a framework, enhancing decision-making, improving efficiency and effectiveness, promoting consistency, facilitating growth and adaptation, enhancing employee satisfaction, providing a learning platform, and promoting ethical and responsible management. These principles form the foundation for effective managerial practices and contribute to the overall success of organizations.

FAYOL’S PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

Fayol's Principles of Management, also known as the 14 Principles of Management, were developed by Henri Fayol, a French industrialist and management theorist, in the early 20th century. These principles are considered foundational to the field of management and have had a significant influence on managerial practices. Here are Fayol's 14 Principles of Management:

Division of Work: Work should be divided and assigned to individuals based on their specialization and expertise. This specialization improves efficiency and allows individuals to become more skilled in their specific tasks.

Authority and Responsibility: Managers have the authority to give orders and make decisions, and they should also take responsibility for the outcomes. Authority should be accompanied by a corresponding level of responsibility.

Discipline: Employees should adhere to rules, regulations, and norms established by the organization. Discipline ensures order, efficiency, and a respectful work environment.

Unity of Command: Each employee should have only one direct supervisor to avoid confusion and conflicting instructions. This principle emphasizes clear lines of authority and helps prevent conflicts and power struggles.

Unity of Direction: The organization should have a single, unified plan of action. All activities and efforts should be directed towards the achievement of common goals.

Subordination of Individual Interests to the General Interest: The interests of the organization should take precedence over individual interests. Employees should prioritize the overall objectives and goals of the organization.

Remuneration: Employees should receive fair and equitable compensation for their work. Remuneration should consider factors such as job requirements, skills, performance, and market conditions.

Centralization: The extent to which decision-making authority is concentrated in a few individuals or decentralized to lower levels of the organization should be determined based on factors such as the nature of the task, competence of employees, and the organization's size and culture.

Scalar Chain: There should be a clear and formal chain of command from top management to the lowest levels of the organization. This chain facilitates communication, coordination, and the flow of authority.

Order: Resources and personnel should be organized in the most efficient manner. This principle emphasizes the need for systematic arrangement, proper allocation of resources, and a clean and orderly work environment.

Equity: Employees should be treated with fairness, justice, and equality. Discrimination, favoritism, and bias should be avoided, and policies and practices should be based on fairness.

Stability and Tenure of Personnel: A stable workforce is important for organizational continuity and efficiency. Organizations should strive to minimize employee turnover and provide job security, professional development opportunities, and career advancement.

Initiative: Employees should be encouraged to take initiative, be innovative, and contribute their ideas and suggestions. Managers should create an environment that fosters creativity and allows employees to contribute to organizational improvement.

Esprit de Corps: Teamwork and a spirit of unity and cooperation should be encouraged among employees. Building strong relationships, promoting team collaboration, and creating a positive work culture contribute to organizational success.

Fayol's principles provide a comprehensive framework for managing organizations and have been influential in shaping management practices. While some principles may be more relevant in certain contexts than others, they continue to serve as a valuable guide for managers in achieving efficiency, coordination, and success within their organizations.

PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT DEVELOPED BY FAYOL

Henri Fayol, a French industrialist and management theorist, developed 14 Principles of Management that are considered foundational to the field of management. Here are the principles developed by Fayol:

Discipline: Employees should adhere to rules, regulations, and norms established by the organization. Discipline ensures order, efficiency, and a respectful work environment.

Unity of Direction: The organization should have a single, unified plan of action. All activities and efforts should be directed towards the achievement of common goals.

Remuneration: Employees should receive fair and equitable compensation for their work. Remuneration should consider factors such as job requirements, skills, performance, and market conditions.

Equity: Employees should be treated with fairness, justice, and equality. Discrimination, favoritism, and bias should be avoided, and policies and practices should be based on fairness.

These principles provide a comprehensive framework for managing organizations and have been influential in shaping management practices. Fayol's principles continue to be relevant in modern management theory and serve as a valuable guide for managers in achieving efficiency, coordination, and success within their organizations.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AUTHORTY AND RESPONSIBILITY

Authority and responsibility are two important concepts in management that are often interconnected but have distinct meanings. Here's the difference between authority and responsibility:

Authority:

Authority refers to the power or right vested in a position or individual to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience.

It is derived from the formal hierarchical structure of an organization and is typically associated with managerial positions.

Authority gives individuals the ability to influence others, allocate resources, and direct the activities of subordinates.

It is based on the official position or role held within the organization and is granted by the organization itself.

Authority is hierarchical in nature, with higher-level positions having greater authority than lower-level positions.

Responsibility:

Responsibility refers to the obligation or duty of an individual to perform the tasks and fulfill the expectations associated with a particular role or position.

It is the accountability for the completion of assigned tasks and the achievement of specific goals and objectives.

Responsibility can be individual or collective, depending on the nature of the tasks and the organizational structure.

It is not necessarily dependent on formal authority and can be assigned to individuals at different levels within the organization.

Responsibility implies being answerable for the outcomes and consequences of one's actions or decisions.

In summary, authority relates to the power or right to give commands and make decisions, while responsibility relates to the obligation and accountability for the successful completion of tasks and achievement of goals. Authority is derived from the formal position within the organization, whereas responsibility is assigned based on the roles and tasks associated with the position. Although authority and responsibility often go hand in hand, it is possible for individuals to have authority without complete responsibility or vice versa, depending on the organizational context.

DISTINCTION BETWEEN UNITY OF DIRECTION AND UNITY OF COMMAND

Unity of Direction and Unity of Command are two principles of management that are related to organizational structure and coordination. Here's the distinction between the two:

Unity of Direction:

Unity of Direction is a principle that emphasizes the need for a single, unified direction or objective for a group of activities that are related or similar in nature.

It states that activities within an organization should be aligned towards a common goal to avoid conflicts, duplication of efforts, and confusion.

Unity of Direction ensures that all individuals and departments work together towards the achievement of a shared objective, promoting coordination and synergy.

It is focused on the coordination of different functions or activities within an organization to ensure they are all moving in the same direction.

Unity of Command:

Unity of Command is a principle that states that an employee should receive orders and report to only one superior or manager.

It means that each employee should have a single, designated supervisor or manager to whom they are directly accountable.

Unity of Command helps establish clear lines of authority and communication within an organization, reducing confusion and conflicts that may arise from receiving conflicting orders.

It ensures that employees have a clear reporting structure, know who they report to, and understand their responsibilities and tasks.

In summary, the main distinction between Unity of Direction and Unity of Command is as follows:

Unity of Direction focuses on the alignment of activities and functions towards a common objective, ensuring coordination and synergy across the organization.

Unity of Command emphasizes the clarity of reporting relationships and ensures that employees have a single superior to whom they are accountable.

While Unity of Direction is concerned with the coordination of activities, Unity of Command is concerned with the clarity and effectiveness of the chain of command within an organization. Both principles contribute to the smooth functioning and effectiveness of an organization, but they address different aspects of organizational structure and coordination.

EVALUATION

I'm sorry, but could you please clarify what you mean by "evaluation"? Are you asking for an evaluation of the principles of management discussed previously, or do you have a specific topic or aspect you would like to evaluate? Providing more context will help me provide you with a more accurate response.

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. The principles of management are:

a) Specific instructions for managers

b) General guidelines for effective management practices

c) Industry-specific rules for decision-making

d) Abstract concepts unrelated to management

2. The nature of management principles is characterized by:

a) Rigidity and inflexibility

b) Exclusion of human behavior factors

c) Universality and flexibility

d) Step-by-step instructions for managers

3. Management principles are based on:

a) Random observations of managers

b) Strict adherence to traditional practices

c) Understanding of human behavior and organizational dynamics

d) Trial and error experiments

4. According to Fayol's principles of management, which principle emphasizes the need for systematic arrangement and a clean work environment?

a) Unity of Command

b) Division of Work

c) Order

d) Discipline

5. Which principle of management suggests that employees should prioritize the overall objectives and goals of the organization?

a) Remuneration

b) Initiative

c) Subordination of Individual Interests to the General Interest

d) Stability and Tenure of Personnel

6. Unity of Command emphasizes:

a) Clear lines of authority

b) Efficiency and skill development

c) Fair and equitable compensation

d) Teamwork and cooperation

True-False Questions:

1. Management principles are applicable only to large organizations. (True/False) Management principles provide specific solutions to every managerial problem. (True/False)

2. The principles of management are fixed and unchanging. (True/False)

3. Management principles help in creating a conducive work environment. (True/False)

4. The principles of management are independent of each other and do not impact one another. (True/False)

5. Management principles are based on a behavioral understanding of individuals within organizations. (True/False)

6. The nature of management principles emphasizes continuous improvement and adaptation. (True/False)

7. Management principles are focused on theoretical concepts rather than practical application. (True/False)

8. Management principles provide specific step-by-step instructions for managers to follow. (True/False)

9. Management principles have no relevance to decision-making processes. (True/False)

10. Unity of Direction ensures that all activities within an organization are directed towards the achievement of common goals. (True/False)

11. Responsibility refers to the power or right vested in a position or individual to give orders and make decisions. (True/False)

12. Unity of Command suggests that an employee should receive orders and report to only one superior or manager. (True/False)

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q.1. Explain the principle of’ equity’ in about 30 word?

Ans. The principle of equity in management emphasizes fairness and justice in treating employees. It means ensuring equal opportunities, rewards, and treatment based on individual contributions, skills, and performance.

Q.2. State the principle of ‘Esprit de corps?

Ans. The principle of "Esprit de corps" emphasizes the importance of fostering team spirit and unity among employees. It promotes a sense of camaraderie, mutual respect, and collaboration within the organization.

Q.3.What is meant by’ scalar chain’?

Ans. The concept of "scalar chain" in management refers to the formal chain of command or hierarchy within an organization. It represents the flow of authority and communication from the highest level of management to the lowest level. The scalar chain ensures that information and instructions are transmitted through the proper channels, following the established lines of authority.

Q.4.What is meant by’ unity of command?

Ans. Unity of command is a principle in management that states that an employee should receive orders and be accountable to only one supervisor. It means that each employee should have a clear reporting relationship and receive instructions from a single superior. This principle helps to avoid confusion, conflicts, and the dilution of authority within an organization.

Q.5. Explain in brief the principle of ‘discipline?

Ans. The principle of discipline emphasizes the need for employees to follow rules and regulations in the workplace. It involves setting expectations, enforcing standards, and implementing consequences for non-compliance. Discipline ensures order, professionalism, and efficiency in an organization.

Q.6. Explain in brief the principle of parity of authority and responsibility?

Ans. The principle of parity of authority and responsibility emphasizes that individuals should have the appropriate authority to match their level of responsibility. It ensures a balance between the power to make decisions and the corresponding accountability for the outcomes. This principle enables effective decision-making, accountability, and efficiency within the organization.

Q.7. Explain ‘equity’ as a principle of management?

Ans. The principle of equity in management emphasizes fairness and justice in dealing with employees. It means treating employees with impartiality, ensuring equal opportunities, and providing fair rewards and recognition for their contributions. Equity promotes a positive work environment, employee motivation, and loyalty.

Q.8.Which principle of Fayol suggests that a subordinate should receive orders from one senior? Give any one adverse effect of not following this principle?

Ans. The principle of unity of command suggests that a subordinate should receive orders from only one senior. One adverse effect of not following this principle is confusion and conflicting instructions, which can lead to a lack of clarity, coordination, and accountability within the organization.

Q.9. List any four principles of management formulated by Fayol?

Ans. 1. Unity of command

2. Scalar chain

3. Division of work

4. Esprit de corps

Q.10.What do you understand by’ principles of management?

Ans. Principles of management are fundamental guidelines or rules that serve as a foundation for managerial decision-making and actions. They provide managers with a framework to effectively plan, organize, lead, and control activities within an organization to achieve desired goals and objectives.

Q.11. Explain gang plank?

Ans. Gang plank is a management principle that refers to the creation of a direct communication link between two different departments or individuals at the same hierarchical level, bypassing the usual chain of command. It allows for faster decision-making, coordination, and problem-solving between departments or individuals, promoting efficiency and collaboration.

Q.12. Describe principles of equality?

Ans. The principle of equality in management emphasizes treating all employees fairly and without discrimination. It promotes equal opportunities, rewards, and treatment based on merit, skills, and performance, irrespective of factors such as gender, race, or background. It fosters a positive work environment, enhances employee morale and engagement, and contributes to a more inclusive and diverse organizational culture.

Q.13. Describe principle of Exception?

Ans. The principle of exception in management suggests that managers should focus their attention on exceptional cases and deviations from normal situations. Instead of getting involved in routine tasks, managers should only intervene when there are significant variations or problems that require their expertise and decision-making. By applying the principle of exception, managers can optimize their time and resources, prioritize critical issues, and promote efficiency in the organization.

Q.14. Explain principle of order?

Ans. The principle of order in management emphasizes the need for an organized and systematic arrangement of resources and activities. It involves assigning tasks and responsibilities to individuals, establishing clear lines of authority and communication, and creating an efficient workflow. By following the principle of order, managers ensure that resources are utilized effectively, processes are streamlined, and the overall functioning of the organization is optimized.

Q.15. Explain principle of initiative?

Ans. The principle of initiative encourages employees to take the initiative and be proactive in their work. It empowers individuals to generate and implement new ideas, make decisions, and take ownership of their tasks. By promoting initiative, organizations foster a culture of innovation, creativity, and problem-solving. Employees feel motivated and engaged, leading to increased productivity and growth.

Q.16. Write two positive effects of the principle of division of work?

Ans. The principle of division of work has two positive effects:

Specialization: It allows employees to focus on specific tasks or areas of expertise, leading to higher levels of skill development and efficiency. When individuals specialize in their respective roles, they become more proficient, resulting in improved productivity and quality of work.

Time-saving: By dividing work among individuals based on their skills and abilities, tasks can be completed more quickly. Each person can concentrate on their assigned responsibilities, avoiding duplication of effort and reducing the time required to accomplish overall objectives. This leads to streamlined operations and increased output.

Q.17. State any two importance of the principles of management?

Ans. The principles of management have two important aspects:

Guidance: The principles provide managers with guidelines and frameworks to make informed decisions and effectively manage their organizations. They serve as a roadmap for achieving goals, resolving problems, and addressing challenges. By following these principles, managers can navigate complexities and uncertainties with a greater sense of direction and purpose.

Efficiency: The principles aim to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of management practices. They promote organizational efficiency by optimizing resource allocation, enhancing coordination, and improving productivity. By applying these principles, managers can streamline operations, reduce wastage, and achieve better results with the available resources.

Q.18. State any four points highlighting the significance of principle of management?

Ans. Clear Direction: Principles of management provide a clear direction and purpose to guide the actions and decisions of managers and employees, ensuring everyone is aligned towards achieving organizational goals.

Consistency and Standardization: By following management principles, organizations can establish consistent processes, policies, and practices, promoting standardization and reducing variations in performance and outcomes.

Adaptability and Flexibility: Management principles allow for adaptability and flexibility in response to changing internal and external factors. They provide a framework for managers to make informed decisions and adjust strategies as needed to remain competitive and successful.

Employee Development and Engagement: Principles of management focus on effective leadership, employee empowerment, and fostering a positive work culture. This promotes employee development, engagement, and satisfaction, leading to higher productivity and retention rates.

Q.19. Distinguish between the principles of ‘unity of command’ and ‘unity of direction ‘on the basis of implications?

Ans. Unity of Command:

Implication: Each employee should receive orders from only one superior.

Ensures clear reporting relationships and avoids conflicts arising from multiple authorities.

Helps in maintaining discipline, accountability, and efficient decision-making.

Focuses on hierarchical structure and vertical communication.

Unity of Direction:

Implication: All activities and efforts should be directed towards a common goal.

Ensures coordination and alignment of objectives across different departments and individuals.

Promotes teamwork, collaboration, and synergy among employees.

Emphasizes horizontal coordination and integration of efforts.

In summary, unity of command focuses on the vertical authority structure and clarity in reporting relationships, while unity of direction focuses on the horizontal coordination and alignment of goals and efforts across the organization.

Q.20. Name the following principles of management?

(a) that prevents dual subordination and.

(b) that prevents overlapping of working of two divisions.

Ans. (a) Unity of Command

(b) Principle of Division of Work

Q.21. Give any one reason why principles of management are called “contingent?

Ans. Principles of management are called "contingent" because their applicability and effectiveness depend on the specific circumstances and context of each situation.

Q.22. Who is known as the father of principles of management?

Ans. Henri Fayol is known as the father of principles of management.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q.1.What is a gang- plank? Show it through a diagram?

Ans. A gangplank, also known as a gangway, is a movable bridge or platform used to provide access between a ship and a dock or between two ships. It allows people to safely move from one structure to another. Unfortunately, as a text-based AI, I cannot show diagrams. However, you can easily find visual representations of a gangplank through an online search or by referring to nautical resources or manuals.

Q.2. Give the meaning of the principle of command’ with the help of a suitable example?

Ans. The principle of command, also known as unity of command, states that each employee should receive orders and instructions from only one superior. This ensures clear lines of authority and avoids confusion or conflicting instructions.

For example, in a manufacturing company, a production supervisor is responsible for overseeing a group of workers on the production line. According to the principle of command, these workers should report to and receive instructions from only their immediate supervisor, the production supervisor. If they start receiving orders from multiple supervisors, it can lead to a breakdown in communication, lack of accountability, and confusion in task execution. Therefore, adhering to the principle of command ensures a clear chain of command and effective coordination within the organization.

Q.3. Explain the principles of ‘discipline’ and ‘order?

Ans. Principle of Discipline:

The principle of discipline in management emphasizes the importance of establishing and maintaining discipline within an organization. It involves setting clear rules, regulations, and expectations for employees and ensuring their adherence. Discipline is essential for creating a productive and harmonious work environment, where employees follow established guidelines and exhibit responsible behavior.

With discipline, employees are expected to abide by company policies, follow instructions, meet deadlines, and maintain professional conduct. It promotes consistency, accountability, and a sense of responsibility among employees. Discipline also enables effective performance management, as deviations from expected behavior or performance can be addressed and corrective actions can be taken.

Principle of Order:

The principle of order in management pertains to the arrangement and organization of resources and activities within an organization. It involves structuring the workflow, assigning tasks and responsibilities, and establishing a systematic approach to work. Orderliness ensures that resources, including human resources, materials, and information, are properly allocated, utilized, and accessible when needed.

By following the principle of order, managers can create an organized and efficient work environment. This includes having clear job descriptions, establishing reporting relationships, implementing effective communication channels, and developing standard operating procedures. The principle of order enables smooth operations, reduces confusion and wastage, and enhances productivity and efficiency within the organization.

In summary, the principle of discipline focuses on establishing and maintaining employee behavior and adherence to rules, while the principle of order emphasizes the organization and arrangement of resources and activities to achieve efficiency and effectiveness in the workplace. Both principles contribute to the overall functioning and success of an organization.

Q.4. Give the meaning of the principle of ‘unity of direction ‘with the help of a suitable example?

Ans. The principle of unity of direction in management refers to the concept of aligning and directing all activities and efforts of the organization towards a common goal or objective. It emphasizes the importance of having a single, unified direction for the organization, where all individuals and departments work together in harmony to achieve shared goals.

For example, let's consider a manufacturing company that aims to increase its market share by introducing a new product line. The principle of unity of direction would require all departments, such as production, marketing, sales, and finance, to align their efforts towards the successful launch and promotion of the new product line.

Each department would have specific objectives that contribute to the overall goal, such as production targets, marketing strategies, sales targets, and financial projections. By following the principle of unity of direction, all departments would work in coordination, ensuring that their activities are synchronized and supportive of the common objective.

In this example, unity of direction ensures that all departments focus their energies and resources towards the same goal, avoiding conflicting priorities or divergent strategies. It promotes collaboration, minimizes duplication of efforts, and maximizes the organization's chances of success in achieving its objectives.

Q.5. Explain briefly the nature of management principles?

Ans. The nature of management principles can be described as follows:

Universality: Management principles are applicable to all types of organizations, irrespective of their size, industry, or location. They are universal in nature and can be applied in various contexts.

Flexibility: Management principles are flexible and adaptable. They provide a framework for managers to make decisions and take actions based on the unique needs and circumstances of their organizations.

General Guidelines: Management principles provide general guidelines and concepts rather than specific rules or formulas. They offer a broad understanding of how to manage effectively, allowing managers to apply them according to their discretion.

Descriptive and Prescriptive: Management principles are both descriptive and prescriptive. They describe how effective management functions and provide guidance on how managers should behave and make decisions.

Continuous Evolution: Management principles are not static but evolve over time. As organizations and the business environment change, new principles may emerge or existing ones may be modified to reflect current management practices.

Developed through Experience: Management principles are derived from the experiences and observations of successful managers. They are based on the accumulated knowledge and best practices in the field of management.

Interrelated and Interdependent: Management principles are interconnected and interdependent. They work together to create a holistic approach to management, with each principle complementing and supporting the others.

Overall, the nature of management principles emphasizes their wide applicability, adaptability, and continuous evolution based on practical experiences. They serve as guiding principles for effective management practices, providing managers with a solid foundation for decision-making and organizational success.

Q.6. IIIusterate the principle of ‘stability of tenure ‘through a suitable example?

Ans. The principle of "stability of tenure" in management emphasizes the importance of providing employees with job security and stability. It suggests that employees should have a reasonable expectation of continued employment unless there is a valid reason for termination.

For example, let's consider a manufacturing company. The management of the company believes in the principle of stability of tenure and ensures that employees are given long-term employment opportunities. They prioritize providing job security and avoiding unnecessary turnover.

To illustrate this principle, the company avoids frequent layoffs or terminations unless there are genuine reasons such as poor performance, misconduct, or organizational restructuring. They strive to create a stable and secure work environment where employees feel valued and committed to the organization.

By implementing the principle of stability of tenure, the company benefits in several ways. Firstly, employees feel more motivated and engaged knowing that their jobs are secure, which can lead to higher productivity and loyalty. Secondly, the company can retain experienced employees who have developed valuable skills and knowledge over time, avoiding the costs and disruptions associated with frequent employee turnover.

Overall, the principle of stability of tenure ensures a positive work environment, fosters employee well-being, and contributes to the long-term success of the organization.

Q.7. Distinguish between the principle of ‘unity of command’ and ‘unity of direction on the basis of (a) meaning and (b) aim?

Ans. (a) Meaning:

Unity of Command: The principle of unity of command states that an employee should receive orders from only one supervisor or manager. It ensures a clear and direct chain of command where employees report to a single authority figure.

Unity of Direction: The principle of unity of direction focuses on aligning and coordinating the efforts of individuals and groups towards a common goal. It emphasizes the need for unity and consistency in the direction of activities within an organization.

(b) Aim:

Unity of Command: The aim of the principle of unity of command is to avoid confusion, conflicts, and conflicting instructions that may arise when an employee receives orders from multiple superiors. It ensures a clear reporting structure, accountability, and effective communication.

Unity of Direction: The aim of the principle of unity of direction is to ensure that different individuals and groups in the organization are working towards the same objectives and goals. It promotes coordination, synergy, and the efficient use of resources to achieve common targets.

In summary, while unity of command focuses on the hierarchical structure and authority relationships within the organization, unity of direction emphasizes the coordination and alignment of efforts towards common goals. Unity of command ensures clarity in reporting and avoids conflicts, while unity of direction ensures consistency and synergy in the organization's activities.

Q.8. Briefly explain the nature of management principles?

Ans. The nature of management principles can be described as follows:

Universal Applicability: Management principles are applicable across various industries, organizations, and sectors. They are not limited to specific types of businesses but can be universally applied to guide managerial practices.

General Guidelines: Management principles provide general guidelines and frameworks for effective management. They offer a broad understanding of managerial concepts and practices without specifying detailed procedures or techniques.

Flexibility: Management principles are flexible and adaptable. They can be customized and modified to suit the specific needs and circumstances of different organizations. Managers can apply and interpret these principles in ways that best align with their organizational goals and context.

Timelessness: Management principles are considered timeless in nature. While management practices and techniques may evolve over time, the fundamental principles of management remain relevant. These principles are based on fundamental human behavior and organizational dynamics, which are unlikely to change significantly.

Descriptive and Prescriptive: Management principles serve both descriptive and prescriptive purposes. They describe how effective management should be conducted based on observations and experiences. At the same time, they provide prescriptions or recommendations for managers to follow in order to achieve organizational goals.

Interconnectedness: Management principles are interconnected and interdependent. They are not isolated concepts but rather form a cohesive framework for effective management. Each principle influences and is influenced by other principles, and they work together to guide managerial decision-making and actions.

In summary, the nature of management principles is characterized by their universal applicability, general guidelines, flexibility, timelessness, descriptive and prescriptive nature, and interconnectedness. They provide managers with a foundation for understanding and practicing effective management across different organizational contexts.

Q.9.What are the adverse effects of violation of the following principles?

(a) Division of work (b) unity of command (c) Remuneration

(d) Order (e) stability of tenure

Ans. (a) Adverse effects of violation of the principle of division of work:

Lack of specialization: Without division of work, individuals may have to perform multiple tasks, leading to a lack of specialization. This can result in decreased efficiency and productivity.

Duplication of efforts: When work is not divided, there is a higher likelihood of duplication of efforts, where multiple individuals are working on the same task. This leads to wastage of time, resources, and energy.

Lack of accountability: Without clear division of work, it becomes difficult to assign responsibilities and hold individuals accountable for their tasks. This can result in a lack of accountability and confusion regarding roles and expectations.

(b) Adverse effects of violation of the principle of unity of command:

Role conflict: When individuals receive conflicting instructions from multiple superiors, it creates role conflict and confusion. They may face difficulties in prioritizing tasks and may experience stress and frustration.

Lack of coordination: Without unity of command, coordination among different individuals and departments becomes challenging. There is a higher risk of miscommunication, delays, and conflicts between teams, leading to a decrease in overall efficiency and effectiveness.

Reduced clarity and direction: When employees receive conflicting commands, it becomes difficult for them to follow a clear direction. This can result in a lack of focus, decreased motivation, and lower performance levels.

(c) Adverse effects of violation of the principle of remuneration:

Demotivation: Inadequate or unfair remuneration can demotivate employees. If they feel that their efforts are not adequately rewarded, they may become disengaged and less committed to their work, leading to decreased productivity.

High turnover: When employees are not properly compensated, they may seek better opportunities elsewhere. This can result in high turnover rates, which can be costly for organizations in terms of recruitment, training, and loss of experienced staff.

Negative work environment: Unfair remuneration practices can create a negative work environment, fostering feelings of resentment and dissatisfaction among employees. This can lead to increased conflicts, reduced cooperation, and an overall decline in organizational culture.

(d) Adverse effects of violation of the principle of order:

Chaos and confusion: Without proper order, tasks and activities may become disorganized, leading to chaos and confusion. This can result in delays, errors, and a lack of clarity in decision-making processes.

Inefficiency: Lack of order can lead to inefficiency in resource allocation, task sequencing, and workflow management. It becomes difficult to prioritize tasks, allocate resources effectively, and ensure smooth operations.

Reduced productivity: Disorderliness can negatively impact productivity as it hinders the smooth flow of work. Without clear guidelines and organization, employees may struggle to perform their duties efficiently, leading to lower output and decreased productivity.

(e) Adverse effects of violation of the principle of stability of tenure:

Decreased employee morale: Frequent changes in personnel and instability in job positions can lower employee morale. When employees feel uncertain about their job security, they may become anxious, demotivated, and less committed to their work.

Disruption in workflow: Frequent changes in personnel disrupt the workflow and continuity of tasks. New employees need time to adjust and learn, which can result in a temporary decline in productivity and delays in project completion.

Loss of knowledge and experience: High turnover and lack of stability lead to a loss of knowledge and experience within the organization. Constantly replacing Employees means losing the valuable insights and expertise they have gained over time, which can hinder organizational growth and development.

Q.10. How can Fayol’s principles of ‘equity ‘and ‘order ‘be applied in a work situation?

Ans. Fayol's principles of equity and order can be applied in a work situation in the following ways:

Equity:

Fair treatment: Ensure that employees are treated fairly and impartially, irrespective of their background, gender, or personal biases. Provide equal opportunities for growth, rewards, and recognition based on merit and performance.

Transparency in policies: Establish transparent policies and procedures for performance evaluation, promotion, and compensation. Clearly communicate these policies to all employees to ensure they understand the criteria for fair treatment.

Open communication: Encourage open and honest communication within the organization. Provide a platform for employees to voice their concerns, suggestions, and grievances, and address them promptly and impartially.

Order:

Clear organizational structure: Establish a clear organizational structure with defined roles, responsibilities, and reporting lines. This helps to avoid confusion, overlapping of tasks, and conflicts in decision-making.

Standardized processes: Develop standardized processes and procedures for different tasks and activities. Clearly document these processes to ensure consistency, efficiency, and quality in work outcomes.

Proper resource allocation: Ensure resources such as manpower, materials, and equipment are allocated effectively and efficiently. This includes assigning the right people with the necessary skills to the right tasks, optimizing resource utilization, and avoiding bottlenecks or shortages.

By applying the principles of equity and order, organizations can create a positive work environment, foster employee satisfaction and engagement, and improve overall organizational performance. These principles help in promoting fairness, consistency, and clarity in the workplace, contributing to employee motivation, productivity, and organizational success.

Q.11.Why did Fayol’s introduce the concept of ‘gang plank’ in relation to the principle of scalar chain?

Ans. Henri Fayol introduced the concept of "gang plank" in relation to the principle of scalar chain to address the limitations and challenges posed by a strict hierarchical chain of command. The scalar chain principle suggests that communication and authority should flow through a formal chain of superiors and subordinates.

However, in certain situations, the strict scalar chain can hinder effective communication and decision-making, especially when there is a need for collaboration and coordination between individuals or departments at different levels. This is where the concept of a "gang plank" comes into play.

The gang plank refers to a direct communication link or bridge that allows individuals at different levels or departments to communicate and collaborate without strictly following the formal chain of command. It enables faster and more efficient decision-making, problem-solving, and coordination between individuals or departments with shared goals or interdependencies.

Fayol introduced the concept of the gang plank to overcome the delays and inefficiencies that can arise from a rigid scalar chain. By facilitating direct communication and collaboration across hierarchical levels, the gang plank helps to bridge gaps, improve coordination, and promote effective decision-making, particularly in situations where quick and direct communication is necessary.

Overall, the concept of the gang plank enhances the flexibility and effectiveness of the scalar chain principle by allowing for more dynamic and efficient communication and collaboration within an organization.

Q.12. Distinguish between ‘unity of direction ‘and ‘unity of command?

Ans. Unity of Direction:

Meaning: Unity of direction refers to the principle that states there should be a single, unified direction and coordinated effort within an organization. It emphasizes the need for all individuals and departments to work towards a common goal using the same plans, strategies, and objectives.

Focus: The focus of unity of direction is on aligning the efforts of different individuals and departments towards a common objective. It ensures that everyone is moving in the same direction and working together to achieve the organizational goals.

Implication: Unity of direction implies that there should be a clear and shared understanding of the organization's mission, vision, and goals. It requires effective communication, coordination, and cooperation among different parts of the organization to avoid conflicts and ensure a unified approach.

Unity of Command:

Meaning: Unity of command is the principle that states that each employee should have only one direct supervisor or boss. It implies that individuals should receive orders and instructions from only one superior to avoid confusion and conflicting instructions.

Focus: The focus of unity of command is on maintaining a clear reporting relationship and avoiding the dilemma of dual subordination. It ensures that employees have a single point of accountability and receive consistent guidance and direction.

Implication: Unity of command implies that each employee should have a clear reporting line and should directly report to only one superior. It helps in maintaining discipline, clarity in roles and responsibilities, and avoids conflicts arising from multiple supervisors giving conflicting instructions.

In summary, the main difference between unity of direction and unity of command is that unity of direction emphasizes the alignment of efforts towards a common goal, while unity of command focuses on the clear reporting relationship and the avoidance of dual subordination.

Q.13.Which principle of management is violated if a subordinate is asked to receive orders from two seniors? Name any adverse effect that may take place due to this violation?

Ans. The principle of management that is violated if a subordinate is asked to receive orders from two seniors is the principle of "Unity of Command."

Adverse Effect: The adverse effect of violating the principle of Unity of Command is confusion and conflicting instructions for the subordinate. When a subordinate receives orders from multiple seniors, it can lead to ambiguity, role conflict, and a lack of clarity in responsibilities. This can result in a decrease in productivity, inefficiency, and potential conflicts between the seniors, as well as a demotivated and frustrated subordinate.

Q.14.What is the principle of ‘scalar chain? Explain briefly the unity of gang plank ‘with the help of a diagram?

Ans. The principle of "Scalar Chain" refers to the hierarchical structure in an organization, where authority and communication flow through a chain of command from the top level to the bottom level. It implies that there should be a clear and unbroken line of authority from the highest level of management to the lowest level.

On the other hand, the concept of "Gang Plank" introduced by Fayol suggests the creation of a temporary bridge or direct communication channel between individuals or departments at the same hierarchical level but from different functional areas or divisions. The purpose of the gang plank is to facilitate coordination, collaboration, and exchange of information between these individuals or departments without going through the entire scalar chain.

Here is a simplified diagram illustrating the concept of Gang Plank:

LUA

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| Top Level |

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/ \

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| Department A | | Department B |

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| Team A | | Team B |

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In the diagram, the solid lines represent the scalar chain, indicating the regular chain of command and communication flow within each department and team. The dotted line represents the gang plank, which enables direct communication and coordination between Department A and Department B, bypassing the strict scalar chain. This allows for faster decision-making, problem-solving, and cooperation between the two departments, improving efficiency and effectiveness.

It's important to note that the implementation of the gang plank may vary in different organizations based on their specific structures and needs. The diagram provides a basic representation of the concept and its purpose in promoting collaboration and agility within an organization.

Q.15. Discuss briefly the principles of ‘parity of authority and responsibility’’ and

‘unity of command?

Ans. The principles of "parity of authority and responsibility" and "unity of command" are two fundamental principles of management that relate to the allocation of authority and responsibility within an organization.

The principle of parity of authority and responsibility states that there should be a balance between the authority given to a manager and the corresponding responsibility they have for the outcomes of their decisions and actions. In other words, authority and responsibility should go hand in hand. If a manager has the authority to make decisions, they should also be held responsible for the consequences of those decisions. This principle helps ensure accountability and fairness within the organization.

For example, in a manufacturing company, a production manager has the authority to set production targets and allocate resources. However, they are also responsible for meeting those targets and ensuring that production processes are efficient and effective. If the manager fails to achieve the desired results, they are held accountable for their performance. This principle encourages managers to exercise their authority responsibly and motivates them to make decisions that align with organizational goals.

On the other hand, the principle of unity of command emphasizes that each employee should receive orders and instructions from only one manager or superior. This principle ensures a clear and unambiguous line of authority and avoids confusion or conflict arising from conflicting instructions. When an employee reports to multiple managers, it can lead to a lack of clarity, coordination issues, and a potential clash of priorities.

For instance, in a marketing department, a marketing executive should ideally report to a single marketing manager who provides guidance, sets priorities, and assigns tasks. This enables a clear chain of command, facilitates effective communication, and ensures that the employee understands their role and responsibilities within the team.

By adhering to the principle of unity of command, organizations can minimize misunderstandings, enhance accountability, and improve efficiency in decision-making and execution.

In summary, the principle of parity of authority and responsibility emphasizes the need for a balance between authority and responsibility, while the principle of unity of command highlights the importance of employees receiving instructions from only one superior. Both principles contribute to organizational clarity, accountability, and effective management practices.

Q.16.What are the positive effects of the principles given below?

(Give one positive effect for each)

(a) Scalar chain

(b) Equity

(c) Division of Labour

(d) Subordination of individual interests to general interests

Ans. (a) Scalar Chain:

One positive effect of the scalar chain principle is improved decision-making and faster implementation of plans. By establishing a clear chain of command and communication flow, the scalar chain ensures that decisions are made by the appropriate level of authority and are communicated effectively to those who need to implement them. This reduces delays, confusion, and ambiguity, leading to more efficient decision-making processes and timely execution of plans.

(b) Equity:

The principle of equity promotes a positive work environment and fosters employee satisfaction. One positive effect of practicing equity is increased employee motivation and loyalty. When employees perceive that they are treated fairly and impartially, they are more likely to feel valued and respected. This creates a sense of trust and commitment towards the organization, resulting in higher levels of job satisfaction, improved morale, and increased motivation to perform at their best.

(c) Division of Labour:

The principle of division of labour leads to increased productivity and specialization. One positive effect of implementing division of labour is enhanced efficiency. When tasks and responsibilities are divided among individuals based on their skills and expertise, each person can focus on a specific area of work. This specialization allows individuals to become more proficient in their assigned tasks, leading to higher productivity, improved quality of work, and reduced duplication of efforts.

(d) Subordination of individual interests to general interests:

The principle of subordination of individual interests to general interests promotes teamwork and organizational cohesion. One positive effect of following this principle is improved collaboration and synergy among employees. When individuals prioritize the collective goals and interests of the organization over their personal ambitions, they are more likely to work together towards a common purpose. This fosters a sense of unity, cooperation, and shared responsibility, resulting in effective teamwork, better coordination, and ultimately, the achievement of organizational objectives.

Q.17 Write the significance of management principles?

Ans. The significance of management principles lies in their ability to provide guidance, structure, and effectiveness to the practice of management. Here are some key points highlighting their significance:

Framework for Decision Making: Management principles provide a framework for decision making by offering guidelines and criteria for evaluating options and selecting the best course of action. They help managers make informed decisions based on established principles rather than relying solely on intuition or personal judgment.

Efficient Resource Allocation: Following management principles promotes efficient allocation of resources such as human capital, financial resources, and materials. Principles such as division of labor, unity of command, and unity of direction ensure that resources are utilized optimally, minimizing waste and maximizing output.

Improved Organizational Performance: By adhering to management principles, organizations can achieve improved performance and productivity. The principles provide a systematic approach to managing people, processes, and resources, leading to streamlined operations, effective coordination, and the achievement of organizational goals.

Consistency and Stability: Management principles provide a consistent and stable foundation for management practices. They offer a set of proven guidelines that can be applied across different situations and contexts, providing stability and consistency in decision making, organizational structure, and management processes.

Employee Engagement and Satisfaction: Management principles emphasize the importance of factors such as employee motivation, equity, and fair treatment. By practicing these principles, organizations can foster a positive work culture, enhance employee engagement, and promote job satisfaction, leading to higher levels of employee productivity and retention.

Organizational Adaptability: Management principles also allow organizations to adapt to changing circumstances and environments. While the principles provide a solid foundation, they also allow for flexibility and adjustment as per the needs of the organization. This adaptability ensures that management practices remain relevant and effective in dynamic and evolving business landscapes.

In summary, management principles play a vital role in providing guidance, efficiency, and effectiveness to the practice of management. They serve as a compass for decision making, resource allocation, and organizational performance, leading to improved outcomes and success for the organization.

Q.18. State any four points highlighting the significance of principles of management?

Ans. Certainly! Here are four points highlighting the significance of principles of management:

Guiding Framework: Principles of management provide a guiding framework for managers to make informed decisions and take appropriate actions. They offer a set of proven guidelines and best practices that help managers navigate complex situations, solve problems, and achieve organizational goals effectively.

Consistency and Standardization: Principles of management promote consistency and standardization in organizational practices. By following these principles, organizations can establish uniformity in processes, procedures, and decision-making criteria. This leads to increased efficiency, reduced ambiguity, and improved coordination among different departments and teams.

Optimal Resource Utilization: The principles of management emphasize the efficient allocation and utilization of resources. By following these principles, managers can effectively allocate human capital, financial resources, and other assets to maximize productivity and minimize wastage. This ensures that resources are used effectively and efficiently, leading to cost savings and improved overall performance.

Organizational Adaptability: Principles of management provide organizations with the ability to adapt to changing circumstances and environments. They offer a flexible framework that can be applied in various contexts and situations. This adaptability allows organizations to respond to market dynamics, technological advancements, and other external factors while maintaining focus on their objectives and ensuring long-term sustainability.

Overall, the principles of management serve as valuable guidelines for managers, promoting consistency, efficiency, optimal resource utilization, and adaptability. By adhering to these principles, organizations can enhance their decision-making processes, improve operational effectiveness, and achieve sustainable growth and success.

Q.19. Briefly describe the principle of Authority and responsibility?

Ans. The principle of authority and responsibility is a fundamental principle of management that establishes a clear relationship between managers and their subordinates. According to this principle, authority is the right to give commands, make decisions, and expect obedience from subordinates, while responsibility is the obligation to perform assigned tasks and be accountable for the outcomes.

Authority is typically vested in managers based on their position within the organizational hierarchy. It gives them the power to direct and guide the activities of their subordinates, make decisions, and enforce policies. Authority flows from higher levels of management to lower levels, creating a chain of command.

Responsibility, on the other hand, is the duty and obligation of employees to carry out their assigned tasks and achieve the desired results. It is a reciprocal concept to authority, as individuals who are given authority also assume responsibility for their actions and the outcomes of their decisions.

The principle of authority and responsibility ensures that there is clarity in roles and accountability within the organization. Managers are accountable for the decisions they make and the performance of their subordinates, while employees are responsible for carrying out their assigned tasks to the best of their abilities.

A well-defined authority and responsibility structure helps establish order, facilitates effective communication, and enables smooth coordination within the organization. It clarifies reporting relationships, establishes accountability, and promotes efficient decision-making processes. When authority and responsibility are clearly defined and aligned, it leads to improved organizational performance, employee satisfaction, and overall effectiveness.

Q.20. Explain briefly ‘unity of direction ‘and order ‘as principles of general management?

Ans. The principles of unity of direction and order are two important principles in general management. Let's briefly discuss each of them:

Unity of Direction: The principle of unity of direction emphasizes the need for a unified and coordinated approach in the pursuit of organizational goals. It suggests that all activities and efforts within the organization should be directed towards a common objective. Under this principle, there should be a clear and shared understanding of the organization's goals and a coordinated effort to achieve them.

By implementing the principle of unity of direction, managers can ensure that different departments, teams, and individuals are aligned and working together towards a common purpose. This helps in minimizing conflicts, eliminating duplication of efforts, and promoting synergy within the organization. It facilitates effective communication, collaboration, and coordination, leading to improved efficiency, productivity, and overall organizational performance.

Order: The principle of order pertains to the systematic arrangement of resources, activities, and personnel within the organization. It emphasizes the need for an organized and structured approach to work. This involves the proper arrangement of materials, equipment, and facilities, as well as the systematic allocation of tasks and responsibilities to individuals.

By implementing the principle of order, managers can ensure that resources are efficiently utilized, tasks are executed in a logical sequence, and there is clarity in roles and responsibilities. It helps in avoiding confusion, reducing waste, and promoting efficiency in operations. An organized and orderly work environment also enhances productivity, fosters a sense of discipline and professionalism, and contributes to a positive organizational culture.

Overall, the principles of unity of direction and order provide guidelines for managers to establish a clear direction, alignment, and structure within the organization. By adhering to these principles, managers can ensure that everyone is working towards the same goals in a coordinated manner and that work is organized and executed efficiently. This leads to improved performance, effective resource utilization, and a harmonious work environment.

Q.21. Explain briefly ‘initiative’ and ‘esprit de corps’ as principles of general management?

Ans. Certainly! Let's briefly explain the principles of initiative and esprit de corps in general management:

Initiative: The principle of initiative encourages employees at all levels of the organization to take independent action and show self-motivation in their work. It promotes a proactive and innovative mindset, where individuals are encouraged to generate new ideas, suggest improvements, and take ownership of their responsibilities.

By fostering a culture of initiative, managers empower employees to be more creative, resourceful, and engaged in their work. This leads to increased problem-solving capabilities, better decision-making, and a continuous drive for improvement. Initiative also promotes a sense of ownership and responsibility among employees, as they feel empowered to contribute to the success of the organization.

Esprit de Corps: The principle of esprit de corps emphasizes the importance of fostering a spirit of unity, teamwork, and camaraderie among employees. It promotes a positive work environment where individuals work collaboratively, support one another, and share a common sense of purpose and belonging.

By promoting esprit de corps, managers can create a cohesive and motivated workforce. When employees feel a strong sense of unity and belonging, it enhances communication, cooperation, and collaboration within teams and across different departments. This leads to improved productivity, creativity, and job satisfaction. Esprit de corps also helps in building a positive organizational culture, where mutual respect, trust, and shared values are valued and nurtured.

Overall, the principles of initiative and esprit de corps contribute to creating an environment where employees are motivated, engaged, and work together towards common goals. By encouraging initiative, managers tap into the potential of their employees and foster a culture of innovation. By promoting esprit de corps, managers foster a positive and supportive work environment that enhances teamwork and overall organizational performance.

Q.22. Explain briefly ‘remuneration of employees ‘and ‘scalar chain ‘as principles of general management?

Ans. Certainly! Let's briefly explain the principles of remuneration of employees and scalar chain in general management:

Remuneration of Employees: The principle of remuneration of employees refers to the fair and appropriate compensation provided to employees for their work and contribution to the organization. It encompasses the monetary and non-monetary rewards given to employees, such as salaries, wages, bonuses, incentives, benefits, and recognition.

Remuneration plays a crucial role in attracting and retaining talented employees, motivating them to perform at their best, and ensuring their satisfaction and loyalty towards the organization. By offering competitive and equitable compensation packages, managers can incentivize employees to enhance their productivity, commitment, and job satisfaction. Additionally, fair remuneration practices help establish a positive employer-employee relationship and promote a sense of fairness and justice within the organization.

Scalar Chain: The principle of scalar chain emphasizes the formal hierarchical structure within an organization, where authority and communication flow through different levels in a sequential order. It establishes a chain of command from top management to lower-level employees, defining the reporting relationships and lines of communication.

The scalar chain principle ensures a clear and efficient flow of information, instructions, and decisions within the organization. It helps in maintaining order, coordination, and control by defining the authority and responsibility relationships. Managers at different levels of the hierarchy can effectively communicate goals, directives, and feedback to their subordinates, ensuring a smooth flow of work and timely decision-making.

The scalar chain also helps in maintaining discipline, avoiding confusion, and minimizing conflicts or misunderstandings. However, it is important for managers to strike a balance between adhering to the scalar chain principle and fostering open communication and collaboration across different levels and departments of the organization.

In summary, the principle of remuneration of employees ensures fair and adequate compensation for their work, motivating and retaining a skilled workforce. The scalar chain principle establishes a clear chain of command and communication within the organization, promoting coordination and effective decision-making. Both principles contribute to the overall functioning and success of the organization.

Q.23. Name and explain the principles of management according to which a manager should replace ‘T’ with ‘we’ in all his conversation with workers?

Ans. The principle you are referring to is called the "Esprit de Corps" principle. It emphasizes the importance of fostering team spirit, unity, and a sense of belonging among employees. The principle suggests that a manager should replace the pronoun "I" or "T" with "we" in their conversations with workers.

By using the pronoun "we," the manager creates a sense of inclusivity and collective ownership of goals and tasks. It promotes a collaborative and team-oriented work environment where everyone feels valued and involved. This approach encourages employees to see themselves as part of a team working towards a common objective rather than just individual contributors.

By applying the principle of Esprit de Corps, managers can create a positive work culture that promotes cooperation, mutual support, and shared responsibility. It helps in building trust, improving communication, and fostering a sense of camaraderie among team members. This, in turn, can lead to increased employee engagement, motivation, and productivity.

When a manager consistently uses "we" in their conversations, it reinforces the idea that everyone is working together towards shared goals and success. It promotes a sense of unity and collaboration, breaking down barriers and promoting a positive work environment.

Overall, the principle of Esprit de Corps encourages managers to adopt an inclusive and team-oriented approach in their interactions with workers, fostering a sense of belonging, cooperation, and collective responsibility.

Q.24. Explain how principles of management

(a) provide useful insight into reality and

(b) help in thoughtful decision –making

Ans. (a) Principles of management provide useful insight into reality:

Principles of management are derived from years of observation, research, and practical experience in the field of management. They represent the fundamental truths or guidelines that have been found to be effective in managing organizations and achieving organizational goals. These principles provide useful insights into the reality of managing people, resources, and processes within an organization.

By understanding and applying these principles, managers gain valuable knowledge about how to effectively plan, organize, lead, and control various aspects of their organization. The principles offer a framework for understanding the dynamics of management and help managers make sense of complex situations. They provide insights into the patterns, behaviors, and relationships that exist in organizations, allowing managers to navigate challenges and make informed decisions.

Principles of management also provide a realistic perspective on the challenges and complexities of managing an organization. They highlight the importance of factors such as communication, motivation, coordination, and adaptation to change. By recognizing and addressing these realities, managers can better align their actions and strategies with the needs of the organization and its stakeholders.

(b) Principles of management help in thoughtful decision-making:

Decision-making is a crucial aspect of management, and principles of management play a significant role in this process. The principles provide guidelines and criteria for evaluating options and selecting the best course of action.

When faced with a decision, managers can refer to the relevant principles to assess the potential consequences, risks, and benefits associated with different choices. The principles help in analyzing the situation, understanding the implications of various decisions, and identifying the most appropriate approach.

Additionally, principles of management provide a systematic and logical framework for decision-making. They offer a structured approach to problem-solving and decision-making processes, ensuring that decisions are based on rationality, fairness, and consistency. Managers can use these principles to evaluate alternative solutions, consider the potential impact on stakeholders, and make decisions that align with the overall goals and values of the organization.

By applying the principles of management in decision-making, managers can make thoughtful and informed choices that contribute to the long-term success of the organization. The principles serve as a guide, helping managers consider various factors, anticipate potential outcomes, and make decisions that are in the best interest of the organization and its stakeholders.

Q.25. Explain how principle of management?

(a) help in optimum utilization of resources and effective administration, and

(b) help the managers in meeting changing environment requirements

Ans. (a) Principles of management help in optimum utilization of resources and effective administration:

The principles of management provide guidelines and frameworks that enable managers to make the most efficient and effective use of organizational resources. By following these principles, managers can optimize the allocation of resources such as human capital, financial assets, materials, and technology.

For example, the principle of division of work suggests breaking down complex tasks into smaller, specialized tasks, allowing employees to focus on specific areas of expertise. This leads to increased productivity and efficiency as employees become more skilled and proficient in their assigned tasks.

The principle of unity of command ensures clear lines of authority and accountability, reducing confusion and duplication of efforts. This helps in streamlining workflows, minimizing conflicts, and ensuring smooth coordination among employees.

The principle of scalar chain emphasizes the importance of a clear and hierarchical communication structure within the organization. This facilitates effective information flow, timely decision-making, and coordination among different levels of management.

By adhering to these principles and others, managers can ensure that resources are utilized optimally, wastage is minimized, and the organization operates in a well-organized and efficient manner. This, in turn, leads to effective administration, improved productivity, and better utilization of resources.

(b) Principles of management help managers in meeting changing environment requirements:

The business environment is dynamic and constantly evolving. Organizations need to adapt and respond to changing market conditions, technological advancements, customer demands, and competitive pressures. The principles of management provide managers with guidance on how to navigate and meet these changing requirements effectively.

For example, the principle of flexibility emphasizes the importance of being adaptable and responsive to change. Managers need to be open to new ideas, embrace innovation, and be willing to adjust strategies and processes as needed. This enables organizations to stay competitive and seize opportunities in a rapidly changing environment.

The principle of initiative encourages managers and employees to take proactive measures and show entrepreneurial spirit. It encourages them to identify emerging trends, explore new markets, and take calculated risks to stay ahead of the competition.

The principle of continuous learning and improvement promotes a culture of ongoing development and learning within the organization. It encourages managers to invest in employee training and development programs, foster a learning mindset, and embrace continuous improvement practices. This helps the organization to adapt to new technologies, industry trends, and changing customer preferences.

By following these principles and others, managers can effectively navigate the changing environment, anticipate future trends, and make informed decisions that align with the evolving needs of the organization. This enables the organization to stay competitive, seize opportunities, and sustain long-term success in a dynamic business landscape.

Q.26. Explain how principles of management

(a) help the management in taking scientific decisions, and

(b) provide the managers with useful insights into real world situaions

Ans. (a) Principles of management help the management in taking scientific decisions:

The principles of management provide a scientific approach to decision-making by offering managers a systematic and logical framework for evaluating options and selecting the best course of action. These principles are based on empirical observations and experiences of successful management practices. They enable managers to make informed decisions backed by evidence and analysis rather than relying solely on intuition or guesswork.

For example, the principle of unity of command suggests that each employee should have only one direct supervisor. This principle helps in avoiding confusion, conflicting instructions, and divided loyalties among employees. By following this principle, managers can make scientifically sound decisions regarding the reporting relationships and organizational structure, leading to improved coordination and efficiency.

Similarly, the principle of remuneration emphasizes the fair and equitable compensation of employees based on their contributions and performance. This principle enables managers to make decisions about salary structures, incentives, and benefits that align with the organization's objectives and motivate employees to perform at their best.

By applying these principles and others, managers can take scientific decisions by considering various factors such as organizational goals, available resources, market conditions, and employee capabilities. They can analyze the situation, weigh the pros and cons, and select the most suitable option based on objective criteria. This scientific approach to decision-making increases the likelihood of successful outcomes and reduces the risks associated with arbitrary or biased decision-making.

(b) Principles of management provide the managers with useful insights into real-world situations:

The principles of management are derived from the experiences and observations of successful managers in real-world situations. They offer valuable insights and lessons that can guide managers in understanding and dealing with various challenges and complexities in their managerial roles.

For example, the principle of unity of direction emphasizes the importance of aligning all activities and efforts towards a common goal. This principle provides insights into the need for coordination, communication, and collaboration among different departments and teams within the organization. It highlights the significance of having a shared vision and a unified approach in achieving organizational objectives.

The principle of equity emphasizes fairness and justice in dealing with employees. It recognizes the importance of treating employees with respect, providing equal opportunities, and rewarding them based on their contributions. This principle provides insights into the value of creating a positive work environment, fostering employee satisfaction and loyalty, and enhancing organizational performance.

By understanding and applying these principles, managers gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics of organizational behavior, human motivation, and effective leadership. They can apply these insights to real-world situations, such as managing conflicts, motivating employees, making organizational changes, and improving overall performance.

In summary, the principles of management provide managers with valuable insights into real-world situations, enabling them to make scientifically informed decisions and effectively navigate the complexities of managing organizations. These principles serve as guiding principles that help managers understand the fundamental principles and practices that contribute to successful management.

Q.27. Name and explain the principle of management which requires judicious application of penalties by the management?

Ans. The principle of management that requires judicious application of penalties by the management is the principle of discipline.

Discipline is a principle that emphasizes the need for a well-organized and disciplined work environment. It involves setting clear expectations, rules, and regulations within the organization and ensuring that they are followed by all employees. Discipline ensures that employees adhere to the established norms, policies, and procedures, and work towards achieving organizational goals in a responsible and accountable manner.

In the context of discipline, the judicious application of penalties by the management is important. Penalties, such as warnings, suspensions, or even termination of employment, are used to address instances of misconduct, non-compliance with rules, or performance issues. The purpose of penalties is not to punish employees but to maintain a sense of order, fairness, and accountability within the organization.

The judicious application of penalties means that management must exercise fairness, objectivity, and consistency when applying disciplinary actions. Penalties should be based on clear and established guidelines, and they should be proportionate to the severity of the offense. It is important for management to conduct thorough investigations, provide opportunities for employees to present their side of the story, and consider mitigating factors before imposing penalties.

By applying penalties judiciously, the principle of discipline helps in maintaining a positive work environment, fostering employee accountability, and promoting adherence to organizational rules and standards. It sets clear expectations for behavior and performance, ensuring that employees understand the consequences of their actions. This principle contributes to the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the organization by addressing disciplinary issues promptly and fairly, and by discouraging behaviors that could undermine productivity, teamwork, and the achievement of organizational goals.

Q.28. Name and explain the principle of management in which workers should be encouraged to develop and carry out their plans for improvement in the organisation?

Ans. The principle of management that encourages workers to develop and carry out their plans for improvement in the organization is the principle of initiative.

The principle of initiative emphasizes the importance of empowering employees and giving them the freedom to take initiative and make decisions. It recognizes that employees have valuable insights, knowledge, and ideas that can contribute to the improvement and success of the organization. By encouraging workers to develop and implement their plans for improvement, organizations tap into the creative potential of their employees and foster a culture of innovation and continuous improvement.

Under the principle of initiative, managers should create an environment where employees feel empowered to take ownership of their work and contribute their ideas. This can be achieved by providing opportunities for employees to share their suggestions, encouraging them to propose new initiatives, and supporting their efforts to implement these ideas. Managers should also provide the necessary resources, guidance, and support to enable employees to carry out their plans effectively.

When workers are encouraged to develop and carry out their plans for improvement, it leads to several benefits. Firstly, it promotes employee engagement and motivation, as employees feel valued and empowered to contribute to the success of the organization. Secondly, it fosters a culture of innovation and creativity, as employees are encouraged to think outside the box and propose new ideas and solutions. Thirdly, it enhances problem-solving and decision-making capabilities within the organization, as employees take ownership of their work and actively seek opportunities for improvement. Lastly, it leads to improved efficiency and effectiveness, as employees at all levels of the organization contribute their unique perspectives and ideas for enhancing processes, products, and services.

Overall, the principle of initiative encourages workers to become proactive, independent, and innovative contributors to the organization's success, resulting in a more dynamic and adaptive organization.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q.1.Why did Fayol suggest the idea of ‘gang plank’? What light does this idea throw on the nature of Fayol’s?

Ans. Fayol suggested the idea of 'gang plank' to address the challenges and limitations of the scalar chain principle in organizational communication. The scalar chain principle emphasizes the hierarchical flow of authority and communication, where each individual communicates only with their immediate superior. However, in certain situations, direct communication between individuals at different levels or departments may be necessary for efficient and effective decision-making and problem-solving.

The concept of 'gang plank' introduced by Fayol suggests the creation of a direct communication channel or bridge between individuals at different levels or departments. This means that individuals can bypass the strict hierarchical chain of command and directly communicate with each other when the need arises. The 'gang plank' provides a shortcut or direct line of communication, allowing for quicker information exchange, collaboration, and decision-making.

The idea of 'gang plank' reflects the pragmatic and flexible nature of Fayol's management principles. It recognizes the importance of effective communication and coordination across different levels and departments in an organization. By suggesting the 'gang plank,' Fayol acknowledges that rigid adherence to the scalar chain principle may not always be practical or conducive to efficient operations. Instead, he emphasizes the need for adaptability and responsiveness to the specific requirements of different situations.

Overall, the concept of 'gang plank' highlights Fayol's recognition of the dynamic and evolving nature of organizations. It reflects his belief that management principles should not be rigidly applied in all situations but should be adapted and tailored to the specific needs and challenges faced by organizations. This idea of flexibility and adaptability is a significant aspect of Fayol's approach to management, which aims to provide practical guidelines for effective management in diverse organizational contexts.

Q.2. Explain in brief the meaning of universality of management principles?

Ans. The universality of management principles refers to the idea that the fundamental principles of management are applicable and relevant across different types of organizations, industries, and geographical locations. It suggests that the principles of management are not limited to a specific context or situation but can be universally applied.

According to the concept of universality, the principles of management are based on fundamental truths and insights about managing organizations and people. These principles are derived from extensive observations and experiences of successful managers and have been found to be effective in various settings.

The universality of management principles implies that regardless of the industry, size, or nature of an organization, certain fundamental principles can guide managerial actions and decision-making. For example, principles such as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are applicable in any organization, whether it's a manufacturing company, a healthcare institution, or a non-profit organization.

However, while the principles themselves may be universal, their application may vary based on specific circumstances and organizational contexts. Managers need to understand the nuances of their particular industry and adapt the principles to suit their organization's unique needs and challenges.

In summary, the universality of management principles suggests that certain fundamental principles are applicable across different organizations and serve as guiding principles for effective management. It emphasizes the relevance and adaptability of these principles to diverse organizational contexts, providing managers with a framework for decision-making and action.

Q.3. Describe the importance of principles of management?

Ans. The principles of management play a crucial role in guiding and facilitating effective managerial practices. Here are some key importance of principles of management:

Guidance for Decision-Making: The principles of management provide a framework for decision-making. They offer guidelines and criteria for evaluating options, selecting the best course of action, and solving problems. By following these principles, managers can make informed decisions based on established practices and principles rather than relying solely on intuition or guesswork.

Improved Efficiency and Productivity: Following management principles promotes efficiency and productivity within an organization. Principles such as division of labor, unity of command, and coordination help streamline processes, eliminate duplication of efforts, and optimize resource allocation. This leads to improved efficiency, reduced wastage, and increased productivity.

Optimal Resource Utilization: The principles of management guide managers in effectively allocating and utilizing resources such as human capital, financial resources, and materials. By following principles such as division of labor and unity of direction, managers can ensure that resources are allocated appropriately, minimizing waste and maximizing output. This leads to optimal resource utilization and cost-effectiveness.

Effective Organizational Coordination: The principles of management emphasize coordination and collaboration among different departments, teams, and individuals within an organization. By following principles such as unity of command, unity of direction, and teamwork, managers can establish effective communication channels, promote a unified approach, and foster a positive work culture. This enhances organizational coordination and ensures that everyone is working towards common goals.

Adaptability to Changing Environment: The principles of management provide a flexible framework that can be adapted to changing business environments. They offer managers a set of guiding principles that can be applied in different situations, allowing them to respond effectively to challenges, uncertainties, and changing market conditions. The principles help managers navigate complexities and make necessary adjustments while maintaining organizational stability and growth.

Employee Engagement and Motivation: The principles of management emphasize the importance of effective leadership, employee involvement, and fair treatment. By following principles such as equity, remuneration, and initiative, managers can create a positive work environment, foster employee engagement, and motivate employees to perform at their best. This leads to higher job satisfaction, improved morale, and increased productivity.

In summary, the principles of management are important because they provide guidance for decision-making, improve efficiency and productivity, ensure optimal resource utilization, enhance organizational coordination, facilitate adaptability to changing environments, and promote employee engagement. By following these principles, managers can effectively manage organizations and achieve their goals.

Q.4.What do you understand by ‘principle? What is the need of the principles of management? Discuss.

Ans. A principle can be defined as a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as a foundation for a system of beliefs or behavior. In the context of management, principles refer to fundamental guidelines or rules that guide managerial practices and decision-making. These principles are derived from years of observation, experience, and analysis of successful managerial practices.

The need for principles of management arises from the complexity and challenges faced by organizations in achieving their objectives. Here are some reasons why principles of management are needed:

Guidance: The principles of management provide managers with a set of guidelines and best practices to guide their actions. These principles offer a structured approach to decision-making, problem-solving, and organizational processes. They help managers navigate through uncertainties, make informed decisions, and align their actions with organizational goals.

Consistency: Principles of management promote consistency in managerial practices. They provide a common framework that can be followed by all managers within an organization, ensuring that similar situations are approached in a consistent manner. This consistency helps in establishing a unified organizational culture and ensures fairness in decision-making.

Efficiency: Following principles of management promotes efficiency in organizational processes. Principles such as division of labor, coordination, and delegation help streamline workflows, eliminate redundancies, and optimize resource allocation. This leads to improved efficiency, reduced wastage, and increased productivity.

Learning from Experience: Principles of management are derived from the observation and analysis of successful managerial practices. They encapsulate the wisdom gained from years of experience and lessons learned from past successes and failures. By following these principles, managers can benefit from the collective knowledge of the management field and avoid repeating past mistakes.

Adaptability: The principles of management provide a flexible framework that can be adapted to different organizational contexts and changing business environments. These principles are not rigid rules but rather guidelines that can be adjusted and applied based on specific situations and requirements. They help managers respond effectively to dynamic market conditions, technological advancements, and evolving customer needs.

Continuous Improvement: The principles of management foster a culture of continuous improvement within organizations. By following these principles, managers are encouraged to assess and analyze their actions, processes, and outcomes. They can identify areas for improvement, implement changes, and strive for better results. This focus on continuous improvement helps organizations stay competitive and achieve long-term success.

In summary, the principles of management are needed to provide guidance, consistency, efficiency, and adaptability in managerial practices. They enable managers to learn from past experiences, promote continuous improvement, and effectively navigate the complexities of organizational management. By following these principles, managers can make informed decisions, optimize resources, and steer their organizations towards success.

Q.5. Discuss the contribution of Fayol to management?

Ans. Henri Fayol, a French management theorist, made significant contributions to the field of management. His ideas and principles have had a lasting impact on the understanding and practice of management. Here are some key contributions of Fayol to management:

Principles of Management: Fayol is known for developing the 14 Principles of Management, which provide a comprehensive framework for effective management. These principles cover various aspects of management, including division of work, authority and responsibility, unity of command, discipline, unity of direction, and more. Fayol's principles serve as guidelines for managers to improve organizational efficiency, coordination, and decision-making.

Administrative Theory: Fayol is considered one of the pioneers of administrative theory, which focuses on the functions of management. He identified five primary functions of management: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. Fayol emphasized the importance of these functions in achieving organizational objectives and provided insights into how managers can effectively perform these functions.

Management Process: Fayol's work also contributed to the understanding of the management process. He emphasized that management involves a continuous cycle of activities, including planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. Fayol's insights on the management process helped managers gain a better understanding of their roles and responsibilities and provided a systematic approach to managing organizations.

Scalar Chain and Unity of Command: Fayol introduced the concept of the scalar chain, which emphasizes the hierarchical structure of authority within organizations. He highlighted the importance of clear lines of communication and the unity of command, which states that each employee should receive orders from only one superior. These concepts promote effective communication, coordination, and accountability within organizations.

Managerial Authority and Responsibility: Fayol emphasized the concept of managerial authority and responsibility. He believed that managers should possess both the authority and responsibility to make decisions and ensure their implementation. Fayol's ideas on authority and responsibility laid the foundation for understanding the role of managers in organizations and their accountability for achieving organizational goals.

Managerial Education and Training: Fayol recognized the importance of managerial education and training. He believed that managers should be equipped with the necessary knowledge, skills, and competencies to perform their roles effectively. Fayol's emphasis on managerial education helped pave the way for the development of management education programs and the professionalization of management as a discipline.

Overall, Fayol's contributions to management theory and practice have greatly influenced the field. His principles and concepts continue to be relevant today, providing valuable insights into effective management practices. Fayol's work has helped shape the understanding of managerial functions, authority, responsibility, and organizational structure, contributing to the development of modern management principles and practices.

Q.5. Discuss the contribution of Fayol to management?

Ans. Henri Fayol, a prominent figure in the field of management, made significant contributions that have had a lasting impact on the theory and practice of management. Here are some key contributions of Fayol to management:

Principles of Management: Fayol is best known for his formulation of the 14 Principles of Management. These principles provide a framework for effective management and cover various aspects such as division of work, authority and responsibility, unity of command, unity of direction, discipline, remuneration, and more. Fayol's principles offer practical guidelines for managers to improve organizational efficiency and effectiveness.

Administrative Theory: Fayol's work contributed to the development of administrative theory, which focuses on the functions of management. He identified five primary functions of management: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. Fayol emphasized that these functions are essential for managers to achieve organizational objectives and maintain effective operations.

Unity of Command and Scalar Chain: Fayol introduced the concept of unity of command, which states that each employee should receive orders from only one superior. This principle helps to avoid confusion and conflicts arising from multiple authorities. Additionally, Fayol emphasized the scalar chain, which illustrates the hierarchical structure of authority within an organization. The scalar chain provides a clear line of communication and accountability.

Managerial Authority and Responsibility: Fayol highlighted the importance of managerial authority and responsibility. He believed that managers should possess the necessary authority to make decisions and be responsible for their outcomes. Fayol's ideas on authority and responsibility helped establish the role of managers as decision-makers and leaders in organizations.

Management Process: Fayol's work contributed to the understanding of the management process. He emphasized that management involves a continuous cycle of activities, including planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. Fayol's insights on the management process helped managers adopt a systematic approach to managing organizations.

Practical Application: One of the significant contributions of Fayol was his emphasis on the practical application of management principles. He believed that management principles should be adaptable to different organizations and situations. Fayol's ideas provided managers with a practical framework to improve their decision-making, organizational structure, and overall managerial effectiveness.

Fayol's contributions have significantly influenced management theory and practice. His principles and concepts continue to be taught and applied in modern management education and are regarded as foundational principles in the field. Fayol's work laid the groundwork for future management thinkers and contributed to the professionalization of management as a discipline.

Q.6. Explain briefly the principles of management as suggested by henry Fayol?

Ans. Henri Fayol, a renowned French management theorist, proposed 14 principles of management that serve as guidelines for effective management. These principles are as follows:

Division of Work: Work should be divided and assigned to individuals based on their specialization and skills, leading to increased efficiency and productivity.

Authority and Responsibility: Managers should have the authority to give orders, and employees should have the responsibility to carry out those orders. Authority and responsibility should go hand in hand.

Discipline: There should be a culture of discipline in the organization, where employees follow established rules and procedures. This ensures order, productivity, and respect for authority.

Unity of Command: Each employee should receive instructions from only one manager to avoid confusion and conflicting instructions.

Unity of Direction: There should be a unified direction and coordinated efforts toward achieving common goals. This principle ensures alignment and harmony in the organization.

Subordination of Individual Interests to General Interests: The interests of the organization as a whole should take precedence over individual interests. This principle emphasizes the importance of teamwork and collective success.

Remuneration: Employees should be fairly compensated for their work, considering factors such as skills, efforts, and market conditions. Fair remuneration helps motivate employees and improve morale.

Centralization and Decentralization: The degree of decision-making authority should be balanced between centralization (concentrating decision-making at the top) and decentralization (delegating decision-making to lower levels).

Scalar Chain: There should be a clear and formal chain of command in the organization, indicating the hierarchy of authority. This chain facilitates effective communication and decision-making.

Order: Resources and activities should be organized in the most efficient manner to achieve organizational goals. This principle emphasizes systematic planning and coordination.

Equity: Employees should be treated with fairness and justice, considering factors such as age, gender, and tenure. Equity fosters a positive work environment and enhances employee loyalty.

Stability of Tenure: Employees should have job security and stability to build expertise and contribute to the organization's long-term success. This principle encourages employee retention and reduces turnover.

Initiative: Employees should be encouraged to take initiative, be innovative, and contribute their ideas and suggestions for improvement. Initiative promotes employee engagement and continuous improvement.

Esprit de Corps: There should be a sense of unity, camaraderie, and team spirit among employees. This principle emphasizes the importance of a positive work culture and cooperation.

These principles of management provide managers with a framework to effectively plan, organize, coordinate, and control activities within an organization. They are applicable to various types of organizations and help create a conducive work environment for achieving organizational objectives.

Q.7. Discuss the principles of management?

Ans. The principles of management are a set of guidelines or fundamental concepts that serve as a foundation for effective management practices. These principles were formulated by various management theorists and practitioners to provide managers with guidance on how to plan, organize, coordinate, and control their activities. Here are some key principles of management:

Division of Work: This principle suggests that work should be divided and assigned to individuals based on their specialization and skills. It promotes efficiency and productivity by allowing employees to focus on specific tasks.

Authority and Responsibility: Managers should have the authority to give orders and make decisions, while employees have the responsibility to carry out those orders. This principle ensures a clear line of authority and accountability.

Unity of Command: Each employee should receive instructions from only one manager to avoid conflicting directions and confusion. This principle helps maintain clarity and avoid conflicts in the chain of command.

Unity of Direction: There should be a unified direction and coordinated efforts towards achieving common goals. This principle emphasizes the importance of aligning activities and efforts towards organizational objectives.

Scalar Chain: This principle refers to the formal chain of command in an organization, indicating the hierarchy of authority. It helps in establishing clear communication channels and facilitates decision-making processes.

Centralization and Decentralization: The degree of decision-making authority should be appropriately balanced between centralization (concentrating decision-making at the top) and decentralization (delegating decision-making to lower levels). The right balance depends on the organization's needs and circumstances.

Equity: Employees should be treated with fairness and justice, considering factors such as age, gender, and tenure. This principle promotes a positive work environment and fosters employee motivation and loyalty.

Initiative: Employees should be encouraged to take initiative, be innovative, and contribute their ideas and suggestions for improvement. This principle fosters employee engagement and promotes a culture of continuous improvement.

Esprit de Corps: This principle emphasizes the importance of teamwork, unity, and a positive work culture. It encourages collaboration, cooperation, and mutual respect among employees.

These principles are not rigid rules but rather general guidelines that can be adapted and applied based on the specific needs and context of an organization. They provide a framework for managers to make informed decisions, manage resources effectively, foster employee engagement, and achieve organizational goals.

Q.8. State any five features of principles of management?

Ans. Here are five features of principles of management:

Universality: Principles of management are applicable to all types of organizations, regardless of their size, industry, or geographical location. They provide a universal framework for managing various aspects of an organization.

Flexibility: Principles of management are not rigid rules. They can be adapted and modified according to the specific needs and circumstances of an organization. Managers have the flexibility to apply the principles in a way that suits their organization's unique requirements.

General Guidelines: Principles of management provide general guidelines and concepts rather than specific instructions. They offer a broad framework for managers to make decisions, solve problems, and plan and organize their activities.

Continuous Evolution: Management principles are not fixed or static. They evolve over time as new theories, practices, and insights emerge. Managers need to stay updated with the latest developments in management thinking and adapt their approach accordingly.

Practicality: Principles of management are designed to be practical and applicable in real-world situations. They are based on observations, experiences, and best practices of successful managers. These principles aim to provide managers with effective tools and techniques for managing their organizations.

It's important to note that these features may vary slightly depending on different management theorists and their perspectives on principles of management.

Q.9. State any four points which highlight the importance of principles of management?

Ans. Here are four points highlighting the importance of principles of management:

Guidance for Decision Making: Principles of management provide a valuable framework for decision making. They offer guidelines and criteria for evaluating options, setting priorities, and selecting the most suitable course of action. By following these principles, managers can make informed and effective decisions that align with the goals and objectives of the organization.

Efficient Resource Allocation: Principles of management help in the efficient allocation and utilization of resources. They provide insights into how to effectively manage human resources, financial resources, and materials. By following these principles, managers can optimize resource allocation, minimize waste, and maximize productivity, leading to improved organizational performance.

Enhancing Organizational Coordination: Principles of management emphasize the importance of coordination and collaboration within an organization. They provide guidance on establishing effective communication channels, promoting teamwork, and ensuring a unified approach towards organizational goals. By following these principles, managers can enhance organizational coordination, reduce conflicts, and foster a harmonious work environment.

Adaptability to Changing Environments: Principles of management are adaptable and flexible. They can be applied to various industries, organizations, and changing business environments. These principles provide managers with a solid foundation to navigate through uncertainties and complexities. They enable managers to respond effectively to external changes, such as technological advancements, market shifts, and competitive pressures.

It's worth noting that the importance of principles of management can vary depending on the specific context and needs of an organization. However, these points highlight the general significance of these principles in guiding managerial actions and improving organizational performance.

Q.10. Explain how principles of management

(a) help in optimum utilization of resources and effective administration and.

(b) help in the thoughtful decision – making.

Ans. (a) Principles of management help in optimum utilization of resources and effective administration by providing guidelines and best practices for managing resources efficiently. These principles emphasize the importance of planning, organizing, and controlling resources to achieve organizational objectives.

By following the principles of management, managers can identify the resources required for different tasks, allocate them effectively, and ensure their proper utilization. For example, the principle of division of work suggests dividing tasks into smaller, specialized units, which allows employees to focus on specific areas of expertise and maximize their productivity. The principle of unity of direction ensures that all activities and efforts are aligned towards common goals, avoiding duplication and wastage of resources.

Furthermore, principles like unity of command, scalar chain, and discipline provide a framework for effective administration. They help establish clear lines of authority, promote efficient communication and coordination, and foster a disciplined work environment. This leads to better resource utilization, reduced inefficiencies, and improved overall administration.

(b) Principles of management also play a crucial role in thoughtful decision-making. These principles provide managers with a systematic approach to evaluate options, analyze potential outcomes, and make informed decisions.

For instance, the principle of equity suggests that managers should treat employees fairly and impartially when making decisions. This principle helps in considering the interests and needs of employees while making important decisions, leading to increased employee satisfaction and motivation.

Similarly, the principle of unity of command emphasizes the importance of a clear chain of command and avoiding dual subordination. By adhering to this principle, managers can ensure that decisions are communicated and implemented effectively, avoiding confusion and conflicts.

Overall, the principles of management provide a framework for thoughtful decision-making by offering guidelines, principles, and best practices. They help managers consider various factors, weigh pros and cons, and make decisions that align with the organizational goals and objectives. By following these principles, managers can make informed decisions that lead to positive outcomes and contribute to the overall success of the organization.

Q.11. Explain following principles of management?

(a) Division of work (b) Authority and responsibility (c) Discipline

Ans. (a) Division of Work: The principle of division of work suggests that tasks and responsibilities should be divided among individuals based on their skills, abilities, and specialization. This principle promotes efficiency and productivity by allowing employees to focus on specific areas of work. When work is divided, individuals can develop expertise in their assigned tasks, leading to increased efficiency and quality of output. It also facilitates coordination and specialization within the organization.

For example, in a manufacturing company, the production process can be divided into different stages, such as designing, assembly, quality control, and packaging. Each stage is assigned to individuals or teams with expertise in that specific area. This division of work ensures that each task is performed by individuals who are skilled and knowledgeable, leading to improved efficiency and output.

(b) Authority and Responsibility: The principle of authority and responsibility states that authority should be accompanied by corresponding responsibility. Authority refers to the power and right to give commands, make decisions, and take actions. Responsibility, on the other hand, refers to the obligation to perform assigned tasks and be accountable for the outcomes.

This principle ensures a clear chain of command within the organization, where authority is delegated to managers and supervisors at different levels. Managers have the authority to make decisions and give orders, while employees have the responsibility to carry out those orders effectively. It promotes accountability and accountability, as individuals are held responsible for their actions and outcomes.

For example, a department manager has the authority to assign tasks to employees and make decisions related to their department's operations. At the same time, employees have the responsibility to complete their assigned tasks within the given time frame and follow the manager's instructions.

(c) Discipline: The principle of discipline emphasizes the need for a disciplined work environment where employees adhere to rules, regulations, and guidelines set by the organization. Discipline ensures that employees behave responsibly, follow procedures, and meet performance standards.

Maintaining discipline in the workplace promotes orderliness, efficiency, and a positive work environment. It helps in avoiding conflicts, reducing disruptions, and ensuring smooth operations. Discipline also fosters professionalism, punctuality, and commitment among employees.

For example, discipline can be observed through employees following the code of conduct, adhering to work schedules, and demonstrating respect towards colleagues and superiors. It involves timely attendance, adherence to company policies, and compliance with performance expectations.

Overall, these principles of management, namely division of work, authority and responsibility, and discipline, provide a framework for organizing work, establishing clear roles and responsibilities, and maintaining a productive and disciplined work environment. They contribute to the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the organization.

Q.12. Explain the following principles of general management.

(a) Unity Of command

(b) Subordination of individual interest to general interest

(c) Stability of personnel

Ans. (a) Unity of Command: The principle of unity of command states that an employee should receive orders and instructions from only one supervisor or manager. This principle ensures clarity and avoids confusion in the chain of command. When employees report to multiple superiors, it can lead to conflicts, conflicting priorities, and a lack of accountability.

For example, in a manufacturing company, if a production worker receives conflicting instructions from two different supervisors, it can create confusion and hinder the smooth flow of work. By following the principle of unity of command, the worker would report to a single supervisor who provides clear instructions and guidance, ensuring better coordination and efficiency.

(b) Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest: This principle emphasizes that the interests and goals of individuals should be aligned with the overall interests and goals of the organization. It requires employees to prioritize the collective objectives and work towards the common goals of the organization rather than pursuing their personal interests.

By subordinating individual interests to the general interest, organizations can foster a sense of teamwork, collaboration, and unity among employees. It promotes a shared vision and collective effort towards achieving organizational success.

For example, in a sales team, individual sales representatives may have personal targets and incentives. However, the principle of subordination of individual interest to general interest means that they prioritize the overall sales target of the team and work collaboratively to achieve it. This ensures better coordination, cooperation, and overall success for the organization.

(c) Stability of Personnel: The principle of stability of personnel emphasizes the importance of providing stability and continuity in the workforce. It suggests that organizations should strive to retain employees and avoid unnecessary turnover. Stable personnel contribute to increased productivity, efficiency, and better organizational performance.

When employees have job security and a sense of stability, they tend to develop a deeper understanding of their roles, build expertise, and contribute effectively to the organization. They also form strong relationships, trust, and loyalty with their colleagues and the organization.

For example, a company that focuses on stability of personnel implements measures such as providing competitive compensation, career development opportunities, and a supportive work environment. By retaining skilled and experienced employees, the organization benefits from their knowledge, expertise, and commitment, leading to improved performance and growth.

In summary, the principles of unity of command, subordination of individual interest to general interest, and stability of personnel play crucial roles in effective general management. They promote clarity in authority, alignment of individual and organizational goals, and the development of a stable and committed workforce.

Q.13. Explain any four characteristics of ‘principles of management?

Ans. Certainly! Here are four characteristics of principles of management:

Universality: Management principles are universally applicable and can be applied to any organization, regardless of its size, industry, or location. They provide a general framework and guidelines that can be adapted to different situations and contexts. The principles of management are based on fundamental concepts and practices that are relevant across various organizational settings.

Flexibility: Management principles are flexible and adaptable. They are not rigid rules or fixed formulas but rather provide a framework that can be adjusted and customized according to specific organizational needs and circumstances. Managers can modify and apply the principles to suit the unique requirements and challenges of their organization while still adhering to the underlying principles.

Timelessness: The principles of management are timeless in nature. While management practices and techniques may evolve with advancements in technology and changes in the business environment, the fundamental principles of management remain relevant over time. The principles are based on human behavior, organizational dynamics, and effective decision-making, which are enduring aspects of management.

General Guidelines: Principles of management provide general guidelines and concepts rather than specific step-by-step instructions. They offer managers a broad understanding of fundamental management concepts and help them develop their own approaches and strategies. The principles act as a guide for managers to make informed decisions, solve problems, and handle various managerial tasks effectively.

These characteristics highlight the broad applicability, adaptability, timeless nature, and general nature of management principles, making them valuable tools for managers in their decision-making and management practices.

Q.14. Explain any four points which highlight the importance of principles of management?

Ans. Certainly! Here are four points highlighting the importance of principles of management:

Guidance for Decision-Making: Principles of management provide a valuable framework for decision-making. They offer guidelines and criteria for evaluating options, analyzing risks, and selecting the most appropriate course of action. By following these principles, managers can make informed and effective decisions that align with organizational goals and objectives.

Improved Efficiency and Productivity: The principles of management promote efficient and effective utilization of resources. They emphasize concepts such as division of labor, coordination, and clear communication channels, which contribute to streamlined processes and increased productivity. By following these principles, organizations can optimize their operations and achieve higher levels of efficiency.

Enhanced Organizational Coordination: The principles of management emphasize coordination and collaboration among different departments and teams within an organization. They encourage the establishment of effective communication channels, teamwork, and a unified approach towards achieving common goals. This leads to improved coordination, reduced conflicts, and enhanced organizational performance.

Adaptability to Changing Environment: The principles of management provide a framework that is adaptable to changing business environments. They offer managers a set of fundamental concepts and practices that can be applied in various contexts and situations. By following these principles, managers can effectively respond to changes in the external environment, such as market shifts, technological advancements, and competitive pressures.

These points highlight the importance of principles of management in providing guidance for decision-making, improving efficiency and productivity, enhancing organizational coordination, and enabling adaptability to changing environments. By applying these principles, organizations can achieve better outcomes, sustain growth, and effectively navigate the complexities of the business world.

Q.15. Explain the following principles of management

(a) Subordination of individual interest to general interest

(b) Development of each and every person to his or her greatest efficiency

Ans. (a) Subordination of individual interest to general interest: This principle emphasizes the importance of putting the collective interests of the organization above individual interests. It means that individuals should prioritize the goals and objectives of the organization over their personal agendas. By subordinating individual interests to the general interest, organizations can foster teamwork, cooperation, and a shared sense of purpose. This principle helps in aligning the efforts of employees towards achieving the overall objectives of the organization, leading to greater harmony and success.

(b) Development of each and every person to his or her greatest efficiency: This principle highlights the significance of developing and maximizing the potential of every individual within the organization. It recognizes that employees are valuable assets and that their skills, knowledge, and abilities should be nurtured and enhanced. By providing training, opportunities for growth, and support for personal development, organizations can help individuals reach their highest level of efficiency. This principle contributes to employee satisfaction, motivation, and engagement, ultimately leading to increased productivity and overall organizational success.

In summary, the principle of subordination of individual interest to general interest emphasizes the collective goals of the organization over personal agendas, while the principle of developing each individual to their greatest efficiency focuses on nurturing the skills and potential of employees. Together, these principles promote a harmonious work environment, where individuals contribute their best efforts towards the organization's success.

Q.16. Explain the following principles of arrangement

(a) Scalar chain (b) Harmony, not discord

Ans. (a) Scalar chain: The principle of scalar chain emphasizes the hierarchical structure and chain of command within an organization. It suggests that there should be a clear and unbroken line of authority from the highest to the lowest levels of the organization. In other words, each employee should have a designated superior to whom they report and receive instructions from. This principle ensures a smooth flow of communication, timely decision-making, and proper coordination within the organization. It helps to avoid confusion, conflicts, and delays in the execution of tasks.

(b) Harmony, not discord: The principle of harmony, not discord, emphasizes the importance of creating a positive and harmonious work environment. It suggests that managers should strive to promote cooperation, teamwork, and mutual understanding among employees. Instead of fostering conflicts, managers should encourage collaboration, open communication, and the resolution of conflicts in a constructive manner. This principle recognizes that a harmonious work environment enhances employee morale, productivity, and overall organizational effectiveness. It also contributes to a positive organizational culture and fosters employee satisfaction and engagement.

In summary, the principle of scalar chain emphasizes the importance of a clear hierarchy and chain of command, while the principle of harmony, not discord, focuses on creating a positive and cooperative work environment. Together, these principles contribute to effective communication, coordination, and a healthy organizational culture.

Q.17. Discuss the various principles of management?

Ans. The principles of management are guidelines and concepts that serve as a foundation for effective management practices. They provide managers with a framework to make decisions, allocate resources, and achieve organizational goals. Here are the various principles of management:

Division of Work: This principle suggests that work should be divided among individuals and assigned to them based on their specialization and expertise. By dividing work, tasks become more manageable, efficiency increases, and individuals can develop their skills in specific areas.

Authority and Responsibility: This principle states that managers have the authority to give orders and make decisions, and with that authority comes the responsibility to ensure the completion of tasks. Managers should have the right level of authority to carry out their responsibilities effectively.

Discipline: Discipline refers to the obedience and respect for organizational rules and regulations. It is important to maintain discipline in the workplace to ensure orderly conduct, adherence to procedures, and achievement of organizational goals.

Unity of Command: This principle suggests that an employee should receive orders from only one superior to avoid confusion and conflicting instructions. Having a single chain of command enhances clarity, accountability, and efficient decision-making.

Unity of Direction: Unity of direction means that the organization should have a single plan of action to achieve its goals. All departments and individuals should work towards the same objectives and follow a coordinated approach to avoid conflicts and duplication of efforts.

Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest: This principle emphasizes the importance of prioritizing the overall goals and interests of the organization over individual interests. Managers should ensure that employees align their personal goals with the organizational goals for the collective benefit.

Remuneration: This principle suggests that employees should receive fair and equitable compensation for their work. Adequate and just remuneration helps to motivate employees, increase job satisfaction, and retain talent within the organization.

Centralization and Decentralization: Centralization refers to the concentration of decision-making authority at the top levels of the organization, while decentralization involves delegating decision-making power to lower levels. The appropriate degree of centralization or decentralization depends on various factors such as the nature of tasks, organizational size, and employee capabilities.

Scalar Chain: The scalar chain principle emphasizes the hierarchical structure of authority within an organization. It emphasizes the flow of authority from the highest level to the lowest level. This principle ensures a clear chain of command and smooth communication flow.

Order: The principle of order suggests that there should be an orderly arrangement of resources and activities within the organization. This includes organizing resources, assigning tasks, and establishing effective communication channels to ensure efficient workflow.

Equity: Equity principle promotes fairness and justice in the treatment of employees. It involves providing equal opportunities, fair treatment, and non-discriminatory practices to all individuals within the organization.

Stability of Tenure: Stability of tenure principle advocates for providing employees with job security and stability. When employees have a sense of security in their positions, they are more likely to be loyal, committed, and willing to contribute their best to the organization.

These principles of management provide a framework for effective decision-making, resource allocation, coordination, and overall organizational performance. They are flexible and can be applied in different contexts, allowing managers to adapt and apply them according to the specific needs and circumstances of their organizations.

A. One Word to One Sentence Questions

Q. 1. Who has given 14 Principles of Management?

Ans. Henry Fayol.

Q. 2. Management principles, rules, methods and procedures are necessary to train and educate whom?

Ans. Future managers.

Q. 3. State any two points of importance of principles of management.

Ans. 1. Optimum utilization of resources. 2. Increase in managerial efficiency.

Q. 4. What is principle of division of work?

Ans. Division of total task in small tasks or activities to promote specialisation is principle of division of work.

Q. 5. What is principle of unity of command?

Ans. According to this principle, a subordinate should receive orders from one superior only.

Q. 6. What is principle of unity of direction?

Ans. According to this principle. A various departments and employees should work in the same direction.

Q. 7. What is scalar chain?

Ans. Scalar chain refers to a chain of officials of organisation ranging from top level seniors to the lowest rank of employees.

O. 8. What is order in management?

Ans. In this context, order implies appropriate sequence or systematic arrangement of persons and resources.

Q. 9. What is principle of equity?

Ans. According to this principle. The behaviour of the managers towards the employees should be based on equality.

B. Fill in the Blanks

1. Right person at the right job and required material at the right place, is the principle of order.

2. Instability of tenure of personal is harmful to both, employees and organisation.

3. The concept of gang plank is related to scalar chain.

4. Fayol classified all industrial activities into six groups.

5. The main aim of Fayol was to improve the performance of the organisation.

C. True or False

1. Fayol suggested centralisation of authority. False

2. Division of work promotes specialisation. True

3. Equity implies equal remuneration to all the employees. False

4. According to Fayol, there should be proper balance between authority and responsibility. True

5. According to Fayol, there should be uniformity in individual interests and organisational interests. True

D. Multiple Choice Questions

1. The principle of division of work is concerned with:

(a) Inefficiency (b) Wastage

(c) Confusion (d) Specialization

(d) Specialization

2. The principle of unity of command is concerned with:

(a) Remuneration (b) Activity

(c) Persons (d) Respect of authority

(c) Persons

3. The principle of order is concerned with:

(a) Justice and kindness (b) Right person at right job

(c) Issuing instructions (d) One head and one plan

(b) Right person at right job

4. Fayol has given how many principle of management?

(a) Ten (b) Fourteen

(c) Twelve (d) Fifteen.

(b) Fourteen

5. According to which principle, should there be one boss for each subordinate? (a) Scalar chain (b) Unity of command

(c) Unity of direction (d) None of these.

(b) Unity of command

Two Marks Questions:

Q. 1. What is the principle of unity of direction?

Ans. According to this principle, various departments and employees of the organisation must work in the same direction and they should make efforts to achieve organisational goals on the basis of co-operation and co-ordination. For all these activities which have common objectives, there must be one head and one plan. This brings uniformity in the working of the organisation and co-ordination increases.

Q. 2. What is the principle of unity of command?

Ans: According to this principle, an employee must get orders from one boss only and that employee must be accountable before that one boss only. It means that any employee must be directly a subordinate to one senior only. This helps to avoid any conflict or confusion and hence employee can work efficiently.

Q. 3. Explain briefly scalar chain/gang plank.

Ans. The chain of the officials of the organisation from the seniors having final authority up to the level of the employees has been given the name of scalar chain by Fayol

But, in order to fulfill the need for quick communication in case an emergency, Fayol has developed an alternative method also. According to him, in case of emergency, E can directly communicate with J. He has given the name of 'Gang Plank' to this concept

Q. 4. What is esprit de corps?

Ans. According to this principle given by Fayol in French language, the spirit of co-operation must be developed among various employees in the organisation. Employees must make efforts to achieve the objectives of the organisation with co-operation and co-ordination on the basis of team spirit and peaceful mutual relations. According to Fayol, efficient communication plays a very important role in this context.

Q. 5. Explain in brief the principle of division of work.

Ans. According to the principle of division of work, the whole of the task is divided in some small tasks or activities so that the responsibility of accomplishing every task or activity may be assigned to an able and expert employee. This improves the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization and promotes specialization in the organisation.

Q. 6. What is the principle of order?

Ans. According to this principle, persons and resources should be arranged in a proper sequence in the organisation every resource and every person should be present at a specific certain place in the organisation so that the organisation may work with efficiency. The systematic arrangement in a proper sequence i.e. order in the organisation also helps to control wastages in the organisation.

Four Marks Questions

Q. 1. Explain briefly the nature of principles of management.

Ans. 1. General Guidelines: Principles of management are in the form of general guidelines about managerial activities and behaviour. These are not exact like the principles of physical sciences or natural sciences. The main reason for this is that these principles are concerned with human beings whose behaviour keeps on changing.

2. Universality: Principles of management are applicable in every organisation whether organisation is commercial or non-commercial, small or large, public or private etc. But, there may be difference in the applicability of these principles in various organisations.

3. Flexibility: Principles of management are flexible by nature. Suitable changes can be made in these principles in accordance with needs and circumstances.

4. Cause and Effect Relationship: Principles of management work on the basis of cause and effect relationship. In the context of use of these principles, managerial decision is cause and its result is ' effect'.

Q. 2. Are Fayol's principles anti-worker? Comment.

Ans. The detailed analysis of principles of management reveals that Henry Fayol has given very important principles of management. Theoretically, these principles have a special place in the subject of management practically, these principles are widely used to find solution to various managerial problems. But, the list of these principles, as given by Fayol, is not final. Several other scholars have developed several other principles. Along with this, several modifications and improvements in accordance with the time and circumstances have also been made in the principles given by Fayol. The most significant fact about these principles is that these improve the performance of the organisation. This proves beneficial to both, the organisation, as well as employees. In such a situation, it is wrong to say that Fayol's principles are anti-worker.

Q. 3. What is the difference between authority and responsibility?

Ans.

Authority	Responsibility
It is right to command others.	It is the obligation to perform the assigned task.
It is the legal right of the superior.	It is the duty of the superior to complete the work assigned.
It originates because of the position of the person in the organisation.	It originates out of superior subordinate relationship.
It flows downward from top to bottom.	It flows upward from bottom to top.
It can be delegated.	It cannot be delegated.

Q. 4. Differentiate between unity of command and unity of direction.

Ans.

Unity of Command	Unity of Direction
An employee must get orders from one senior only.	For all the activities having same objective, there should be one head and one plan.
This principle eliminates the scope for dual subordination.	This principle eliminates the scope for duplication of activities.
This principle is concerned with the functioning of the employees.	This principle is concerned with the functioning of the whole of the oroanisation.
Unity of command is not possible without unity of direction.	Unity of direction can be possible independently without unity of command.

Plus Two

Friday 22 January 2021

CH 3 Principles of Management

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