Ch3 PARTNERSHIP ACCOUNTS-II

CHAPTER 3 

PARTNERSHIP ACCOUNTS-II

 

ONE WORD TO ONE SENTENCE QUESTIONS

Q.1. What is goodwill?

Ans. Goodwill refers to the intangible value of a business that arises from factors such as reputation, customer loyalty, brand recognition, and favorable relationships with stakeholders. It represents the difference between the purchase price of a business and the fair value of its identifiable tangible and intangible assets minus liabilities. Goodwill is recorded on the balance sheet and is typically created when a business is acquired or when partners contribute more than the fair value of their net assets to a partnership.

 

Q.2. Name any two factors affecting good will of a firm?
Ans. Two factors that can affect the goodwill of a firm are:

Reputation: The reputation of a firm, built over time through the quality of its products or services, customer satisfaction, ethical practices, and positive brand image, can significantly impact its goodwill. A strong reputation can attract and retain customers, generate trust, and enhance the overall value of the business.

Customer Relationships: The strength of a firm's relationships with its customers is a crucial factor in determining its goodwill. Satisfied and loyal customers who have a positive experience with the firm are more likely to recommend the business to others, leading to increased goodwill. Building strong customer relationships through effective communication, personalized service, and responsiveness is essential for maintaining and enhancing goodwill.

 

Q.3. Discuss the nature of goodwill?

Ans. The nature of goodwill can be summarized as follows:

Intangible Asset: Goodwill is an intangible asset, meaning it does not have a physical form. It represents the non-physical value of a business that is not easily quantifiable or separable from the overall business operations.

Non-transferable: Goodwill is specific to a particular business and cannot be transferred or sold independently from the business itself. It is closely tied to the reputation, customer relationships, and unique characteristics of the business.

Subjective and Perceptive: Goodwill is subjective and based on the perception and opinions of stakeholders, such as customers, suppliers, employees, and investors. It is influenced by factors like brand reputation, customer satisfaction, and market perception.

Difficult to Measure: Determining the exact value of goodwill is challenging due to its intangible nature. It does not have a fixed monetary value and is typically calculated as the difference between the purchase price of a business and the fair value of its identifiable net assets.

Can Fluctuate: Goodwill is not a static value and can fluctuate over time. It can increase or decrease based on various factors, such as changes in customer preferences, market conditions, management decisions, or external events that impact the business's reputation.

Impacts Business Value: Goodwill plays a significant role in determining the overall value of a business. A strong and positive goodwill enhances the value of the business, while negative goodwill or the absence of goodwill can have a negative impact on the business's perceived worth.

Important for Business Success: Goodwill is crucial for long-term business success. It helps attract and retain customers, build trust and loyalty, differentiate the business from competitors, and create a positive brand image. Goodwill can contribute to sustainable competitive advantage and serve as a valuable asset for the business.

Overall, goodwill represents the intangible value and reputation of a business, influenced by subjective perceptions and difficult to measure precisely. It is an important asset that can impact the success, value, and competitive position of a business.

 

Q.4. State any two occasion for valuation of goodwill in relation to a partnership firm?
Ans. The nature of goodwill can be summarized as follows:

Intangible Asset: Goodwill is an intangible asset, meaning it does not have a physical form. It represents the non-physical value of a business that is not easily quantifiable or separable from the overall business operations.

Non-transferable: Goodwill is specific to a particular business and cannot be transferred or sold independently from the business itself. It is closely tied to the reputation, customer relationships, and unique characteristics of the business.

Subjective and Perceptive: Goodwill is subjective and based on the perception and opinions of stakeholders, such as customers, suppliers, employees, and investors. It is influenced by factors like brand reputation, customer satisfaction, and market perception.

Difficult to Measure: Determining the exact value of goodwill is challenging due to its intangible nature. It does not have a fixed monetary value and is typically calculated as the difference between the purchase price of a business and the fair value of its identifiable net assets.

Can Fluctuate: Goodwill is not a static value and can fluctuate over time. It can increase or decrease based on various factors, such as changes in customer preferences, market conditions, management decisions, or external events that impact the business's reputation.

Impacts Business Value: Goodwill plays a significant role in determining the overall value of a business. A strong and positive goodwill enhances the value of the business, while negative goodwill or the absence of goodwill can have a negative impact on the business's perceived worth.

Important for Business Success: Goodwill is crucial for long-term business success. It helps attract and retain customers, build trust and loyalty, differentiate the business from competitors, and create a positive brand image. Goodwill can contribute to sustainable competitive advantage and serve as a valuable asset for the business.

Overall, goodwill represents the intangible value and reputation of a business, influenced by subjective perceptions and difficult to measure precisely. It is an important asset that can impact the success, value, and competitive position of a business.

User

in very short State any two occasion for valuation of goodwill in relation to a partnership firm?

ChatGPT

Two occasions for the valuation of goodwill in relation to a partnership firm are:

Admission of a New Partner: When a new partner joins an existing partnership, the value of goodwill needs to be determined. The incoming partner may contribute capital or skills that enhance the partnership's value, and thus, a valuation of the existing goodwill is necessary to allocate the new partner's share and determine the financial terms of admission.

Retirement or Withdrawal of a Partner: When a partner retires or withdraws from a partnership, the value of their share in the partnership, including their share of the goodwill, needs to be ascertained. The retiring partner's share of goodwill is typically paid out to them as part of their final settlement, and a valuation is conducted to determine the monetary amount associated with their share of goodwill.

 

Q.5. Name any two method of valuation of good will?

Ans. Two methods of valuation of goodwill are:

Capitalization of Earnings Method: This method involves estimating the value of goodwill based on the future earnings or profits of the business. The average or expected earnings of the business are multiplied by an appropriate capitalization rate or multiplier to determine the value of goodwill. The multiplier is typically based on factors such as the industry, risk profile, growth potential, and market conditions.

Multiple of Revenue Method: This method values goodwill by applying a multiple to the annual revenue or sales of the business. The multiple is derived from comparable transactions or market data in the industry. The revenue of the business is multiplied by the chosen multiple to arrive at the estimated value of goodwill. The multiple may vary based on factors such as the growth rate, profitability, industry trends, and risk factors associated with the business.

 

Q.6. List the factors which create good will?

Ans. Factors that create goodwill include:

1. Positive reputation

2. Customer satisfaction

3. High-quality products or services

4. Strong brand image

5. Ethical business practices

6. Effective customer relationships

7. Innovation and product differentiation

8.Trustworthiness and reliability

9. Strong employee relations

10. Community involvement and social responsibility.

 

Q.7. List various methods of valuation of good will in a firm?

Ans. Various methods of valuation of goodwill in a firm include:

1. Capitalization of Earnings Method

2. Multiple of Revenue Method

3. Net Asset Value Method

4. Excess Earnings Method

5. Discounted Cash Flow Method

6. Market Capitalization Method

7. Comparable Transactions Method

8. Industry-Specific Multiplier Method

9. Super Profits Method

10. Price-to-Earnings Ratio Method.

 

Q.8. Give two feature of good will?

Ans. Two features of goodwill are:

Intangible Asset: Goodwill is an intangible asset that represents the reputation, brand value, customer loyalty, and other non-physical factors that contribute to a business's value.

Subjective Value: The value of goodwill is subjective and based on the perceptions and opinions of stakeholders, such as customers, suppliers, employees, and investors. It is influenced by factors like brand reputation, customer satisfaction, and market perception.

 

Q.9. What is meant by super profit?

Ans. Super profit refers to the excess profit earned by a business over and above the normal or expected level of profit. It represents the additional earnings generated due to factors such as a competitive advantage, market dominance, unique capabilities, or superior performance compared to industry standards. Super profit is considered an above-average return on investment and can contribute to the valuation of a business, particularly when assessing the value of goodwill.

 

Q.10. How good will is calculated under super profit method?

Ans. Under the super profit method, the calculation of goodwill involves determining the super profit earned by a business and then capitalizing it to arrive at the value of goodwill. The general steps for calculating goodwill using the super profit method are as follows:

Calculate Normal Profit: Determine the normal or expected rate of return on the net tangible assets of the business. This is typically derived from industry benchmarks or comparable businesses.

Calculate Super Profit: Subtract the normal profit from the actual or total profit earned by the business. The resulting amount represents the super profit.

Determine the Capitalization Rate: Assign a capitalization rate, which is a percentage representing the expected rate of return on the investment. The capitalization rate is influenced by factors such as the risk associated with the business, market conditions, and industry standards.

Capitalize the Super Profit: Divide the super profit by the capitalization rate to determine the value of goodwill. The resulting amount represents the capitalization of the excess earnings generated by the business.

It's important to note that the specific calculations and factors considered in the super profit method may vary depending on the circumstances and professional judgment applied during the valuation process. Consulting with a financial or valuation expert is advisable for an accurate application of the super profit method.

 

Q.11. Give the formula for calculating super profit?

Ans. The formula for calculating super profit using the super profit method is as follows:

Super Profit = Actual Profit - Normal Profit

Where:

Actual Profit: The total profit earned by the business.

Normal Profit: The expected or normal rate of return on the net tangible assets of the business.

The difference between the actual profit and the normal profit represents the super profit, which can be used in further calculations to determine the value of goodwill.

 

Q.12. What is average profit method of valuation of good will?

Ans. The average profit method of valuation of goodwill is a simple approach that calculates the value of goodwill based on the average profit earned by a business over a specific period. In this method, the average annual profit is multiplied by a predetermined number of years to estimate the value of goodwill. The formula for the average profit method is:

 

Goodwill Value = Average Annual Profit x Number of Years

The average annual profit is typically derived by taking the average of profits earned over a few years, considering factors such as stability, growth, and future prospects of the business. The number of years used in the calculation depends on various factors such as industry norms, business circumstances, and the preferences of the valuer. The result provides an approximate value of goodwill based on the historical profitability of the business.

 

Q.13. What is meant by number of years’ purchase at the time of valuation of good will?

Ans. The "number of years' purchase" is a term used in the valuation of goodwill to determine its worth. It represents the number of years' worth of future profits or earnings that are considered in the valuation. The number of years' purchase is multiplied by the average annual profit of the business to estimate the value of goodwill.

For example, if the average annual profit of a business is $100,000 and the number of years' purchase is determined to be 5, the value of goodwill would be calculated as:

Goodwill Value = Average Annual Profit x Number of Years' Purchase

= $100,000 x 5

= $500,000

In this case, the value of goodwill is estimated to be $500,000 based on the assumption that the business will continue to generate similar profits for the next 5 years.

The determination of the appropriate number of years' purchase depends on various factors, including the nature of the business, its industry, market conditions, growth prospects, and risk factors. It requires professional judgment and analysis to arrive at an appropriate multiplier that reflects the expectations for the business's future performance.

 

Q.14. What is capitalisation method?

Ans. The capitalization method is a valuation approach used to determine the value of an asset, such as a business or an investment, based on its expected future earnings or cash flows. In this method, the future earnings or cash flows are capitalized, meaning they are divided by a capitalization rate to arrive at the estimated value of the asset.

The formula for the capitalization method is:

Asset Value = Earnings or Cash Flow / Capitalization Rate

The earnings or cash flow represents the expected future income generated by the asset, while the capitalization rate reflects the desired rate of return or discount rate applied to the earnings or cash flows. The capitalization rate takes into account factors such as the risk associated with the asset, prevailing interest rates, market conditions, and investor expectations.

The capitalization method is commonly used in business valuations, where the future earnings or cash flows of the business are capitalized to determine its overall value. It provides a snapshot of the present value of future income and is particularly useful when estimating the value of income-generating assets.

 

Q.15. How the good will is valued under the capitalisation of average profit method?

Ans. Under the capitalization of average profit method, the valuation of goodwill is determined by capitalizing the average annual profit of a business. The steps involved in valuing goodwill using this method are as follows:

Calculate Average Annual Profit: Determine the average annual profit by taking the average of profits earned over a specific period, usually based on historical financial statements. This period is typically a few years to consider the business's stability and performance.

Determine Capitalization Rate: Assign a capitalization rate, which represents the desired rate of return or discount rate applied to the average annual profit. The capitalization rate is influenced by factors such as the risk associated with the business, prevailing interest rates, market conditions, and industry standards.

Capitalize the Average Annual Profit: Divide the average annual profit by the capitalization rate to arrive at the value of goodwill. The resulting figure represents the capitalization of the business's average profitability into an estimated value of goodwill.

The capitalization of average profit method provides an approximate value of goodwill based on the average profitability of the business. It assumes that the average profit will be sustained in the future and uses a capitalization rate to convert the expected earnings into a present value estimate of goodwill.

 

Q.16. How will you calculate the total capitalised value of business based on average profits?

Ans. To calculate the total capitalized value of a business based on average profits using the capitalization method, you would follow these steps:

Determine Average Annual Profit: Calculate the average annual profit by taking the average of the profits earned by the business over a specific period, typically based on historical financial statements.

 

Determine Capitalization Rate: Establish a capitalization rate that reflects the desired rate of return or discount rate for the investment. The capitalization rate considers factors such as the risk associated with the business, prevailing interest rates, market conditions, and investor expectations.

Divide Average Annual Profit by Capitalization Rate: Divide the average annual profit by the capitalization rate. This calculation determines the value of the business based on its expected future earnings.

Total Capitalized Value = Average Annual Profit / Capitalization Rate

The resulting figure represents the estimated total value of the business based on its average profits. It reflects the present value of the business's expected future earnings, taking into account the desired rate of return for investors.

 

Q.17. Name any two factors affecting goodwill of a firm?

Ans. Two factors that can affect the goodwill of a firm are:

Reputation: The reputation of a firm plays a significant role in shaping its goodwill. Positive reputation earned through ethical practices, quality products or services, and strong customer relationships can enhance goodwill. On the other hand, negative publicity, scandals, or poor customer experiences can significantly impact a firm's goodwill.

Customer Satisfaction: The level of customer satisfaction and loyalty towards a firm's products or services can have a direct impact on its goodwill. Satisfied and loyal customers are more likely to recommend the firm to others and continue doing business with them, thus contributing to a positive reputation and goodwill. Conversely, dissatisfied customers can harm a firm's reputation and erode its goodwill.

 

Q.18. How the good will is valued under the capitalisation of super profit method?

Ans. Under the capitalization of super profit method, the valuation of goodwill is determined by capitalizing the super profit earned by a business. The steps involved in valuing goodwill using this method are as follows:

Calculate Normal Profit: Determine the normal or expected rate of return on the net tangible assets of the business. This is typically derived from industry benchmarks or comparable businesses.

Calculate Super Profit: Calculate the super profit by subtracting the normal profit from the actual or total profit earned by the business. The super profit represents the excess profit earned over and above the normal or expected level of profit.

Determine Capitalization Rate: Assign a capitalization rate, which represents the desired rate of return or discount rate applied to the super profit. The capitalization rate takes into account factors such as the risk associated with the business, prevailing interest rates, market conditions, and investor expectations.

Capitalize the Super Profit: Divide the super profit by the capitalization rate to arrive at the value of goodwill. The resulting figure represents the capitalization of the excess earnings generated by the business into an estimated value of goodwill.

The capitalization of super profit method provides an estimated value of goodwill based on the additional earnings or super profit generated by the business. It assumes that the super profit will continue to be earned in the future and uses a capitalization rate to convert the expected excess earnings into a present value estimate of goodwill.

 

Q.19. Is good will a fictitious assets?

Ans. goodwill is considered a fictitious asset. Fictitious assets are intangible assets that do not have a physical existence but hold value in a business. Goodwill represents the reputation, brand value, customer loyalty, and other non-physical factors that contribute to a business's value. It is an intangible asset that cannot be physically touched or seen but holds significant value in terms of enhancing a company's market position and generating future earnings. Despite being a fictitious asset, goodwill is often included in the financial statements of a company to reflect its overall value and financial position.

 

Q.20. What is hidden good will?

Ans. "Hidden good will" refers to positive intentions or goodwill that a person may have but not openly express or communicate to others. It is often associated with acts of kindness, generosity, or compassion that are performed without any expectation of recognition or reward.

For example, someone may secretly donate money to a charity, help a stranger in need, or do something kind for a friend without telling anyone. They may not seek any recognition or praise for their actions but do them purely out of a desire to do good and make a positive impact on the world.

In essence, hidden good will represents the idea that people can do good in the world without seeking attention or credit for their actions, and it can be a powerful force for creating positive change in the world.

 

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1. What is good will?

Ans. Goodwill is a concept that originates from ethics and philosophy, and it refers to the moral or ethical quality of an individual's intentions or actions. It is a positive attitude or disposition towards others, characterized by kindness, compassion, benevolence, and a genuine concern for their well-being.

In moral philosophy, the concept of goodwill was extensively discussed by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant. According to Kant, goodwill is the fundamental principle of morality. He believed that an action is morally praiseworthy only if it is performed out of a sense of duty and guided by goodwill, rather than being driven by self-interest or external rewards.

Goodwill involves acting in a way that respects the inherent worth and dignity of other individuals, treating them with fairness, empathy, and respect. It encompasses actions that promote the welfare of others, contribute to social harmony, and strive for the greater good.

In a broader sense, goodwill can also be associated with positive intentions in business and commerce. In this context, goodwill represents the reputation, trust, and customer loyalty that a business or brand has earned over time through its ethical practices, quality products or services, and positive relationships with customers and stakeholders.

Overall, goodwill is a concept that emphasizes the importance of moral intentions and actions, highlighting the significance of kindness, empathy, and benevolence in human interactions and ethical decision-making.

 

Q.2. Discuss the need for valuation of good will?

Ans. The valuation of goodwill is an important aspect in accounting and business, particularly when it comes to financial reporting and assessing the overall value of a company. Goodwill, in this context, refers to the intangible asset that represents the value of a company's reputation, customer base, brand recognition, and other non-physical assets that contribute to its profitability and future earnings potential.

Here are some key reasons why the valuation of goodwill is necessary:

Financial Reporting: Goodwill is recorded on a company's balance sheet as an intangible asset when it is acquired through a business combination or merger. The valuation of goodwill enables companies to accurately report their assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity in accordance with accounting standards.

Mergers and Acquisitions: Goodwill plays a crucial role in mergers and acquisitions (M&A) as it represents the premium paid over the net tangible assets of an acquired company. Valuing goodwill helps determine the fair price to be paid for the intangible aspects of the target company, such as its brand, customer relationships, and market position.

Investment Decisions: Investors and stakeholders rely on the valuation of goodwill to assess the financial health and value of a company. Goodwill can significantly impact the perceived value of a company and influence investment decisions, such as stock purchases or sales.

Impairment Testing: Goodwill is subject to periodic impairment testing to ensure that its carrying value on the balance sheet does not exceed its recoverable amount. Valuation methods are used to assess whether any impairment has occurred and to determine the appropriate adjustments to be made in the financial statements.

Taxation and Regulatory Compliance: Goodwill valuation is essential for tax purposes and regulatory compliance. Governments may require companies to assess the fair value of goodwill when calculating taxes, determining transfer pricing, or complying with reporting standards.

It is worth noting that the valuation of goodwill can be a complex process due to its intangible nature. Different methods, such as income-based approaches, market-based approaches, or cost-based approaches, may be used to estimate the fair value of goodwill. Professional valuation experts or appraisers are often engaged to perform these assessments, ensuring accuracy, objectivity, and adherence to accounting standards and regulations.

In conclusion, the valuation of goodwill is necessary for financial reporting, M&A transactions, investment decisions, impairment testing, and compliance with tax and regulatory requirements. It provides crucial information about the intangible assets of a company and helps stakeholders make informed judgments about its value and future prospects.

 

Q.3. Give three methods of valuation of good will?

Ans. There are several methods used for the valuation of goodwill. Here are three commonly employed methods:

Income-Based Approach: This method calculates the value of goodwill based on the future income or cash flow generated by the business. It involves estimating the future economic benefits attributable to the goodwill and discounting them to their present value. One commonly used technique under this approach is the discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis, which considers projected cash flows, growth rates, and a discount rate to determine the present value of the expected benefits.

Market-Based Approach: This approach determines the value of goodwill by comparing the company's financial performance and market value to similar businesses in the industry. It involves analyzing market transactions, such as acquisitions or sales of comparable companies, and deriving multiples (e.g., price-to-earnings ratio, price-to-sales ratio) to apply to the subject company. The multiples are then multiplied by the relevant financial metric (e.g., earnings, sales) to estimate the value of goodwill.

Cost-Based Approach: This method calculates the value of goodwill based on the cost to recreate or replace the assets and resources that contribute to the goodwill. It involves identifying the individual components of goodwill, such as brand reputation, customer relationships, or intellectual property, and estimating the cost to develop or acquire them separately. The sum of these costs represents the value of goodwill. However, this approach is less commonly used for valuing goodwill as it may not capture the true economic value or market dynamics accurately.

It's important to note that the selection of the appropriate valuation method depends on various factors, including the nature of the business, industry dynamics, available data, and the purpose of the valuation. Valuation professionals or experts typically assess these factors and apply a combination of methods or adjustments to arrive at a reasonable estimate of goodwill value.

 

Q.4. Write any four factors determining for valuation of good will?

Ans. Several factors influence the valuation of goodwill. Here are four key factors that are commonly considered in the valuation process:

Earnings and Cash Flow: The financial performance of a company is a crucial factor in determining the value of goodwill. The profitability, growth rate, and sustainability of earnings and cash flow directly impact the estimation of goodwill. Higher and consistent earnings and cash flow indicate a stronger and more valuable goodwill component.

Market Position and Competitive Advantage: The market position and competitive advantage of a business significantly contribute to the value of its goodwill. Factors such as a strong brand reputation, loyal customer base, unique product offerings, proprietary technology, or advantageous market positioning can enhance the value of goodwill. A business with a competitive edge is more likely to generate higher future earnings and, consequently, a higher valuation for its goodwill.

Industry and Market Conditions: The industry and market conditions in which a company operates influence the valuation of goodwill. Factors such as industry growth rates, market trends, competitive landscape, and barriers to entry can impact the perceived value of goodwill. For instance, a company operating in a rapidly growing industry with favorable market dynamics may have a higher valuation for its goodwill compared to a company in a stagnant or declining industry.

Customer Relationships and Intellectual Property: Strong and lasting customer relationships, as well as valuable intellectual property, can significantly contribute to the value of goodwill. A loyal and satisfied customer base provides a steady revenue stream and enhances the future earnings potential of a company. Additionally, intellectual property, such as patents, trademarks, or copyrights, can create a competitive advantage and bolster the value of goodwill.

It's important to note that these factors are interrelated, and a comprehensive valuation of goodwill considers a wide range of quantitative and qualitative factors specific to the business being evaluated. Valuation experts carefully analyze these factors and apply appropriate valuation methodologies to arrive at a fair and reasonable estimate of goodwill value.

 

Q.5. What is super profit method of the valuation of good will?

Ans. The super profit method is one of the methods used to calculate the value of goodwill. It is primarily employed in situations where a company's profits are significantly higher than the normal or expected profits for its industry. This method focuses on determining the additional or "super" profit attributable to the goodwill component of a business.

 

Here's an overview of how the super profit method works:

Calculate Normal Profits: The first step is to determine the normal or average profits that a business can expect to generate in its industry. This is typically done by analyzing the financial performance of comparable companies in the same industry or by using industry benchmarks and standards.

Assess Return on Capital Employed: Next, the return on capital employed (ROCE) is calculated. ROCE is a measure of how efficiently a company utilizes its capital to generate profits. It is determined by dividing the company's operating profit by its capital employed (equity and long-term debt). The ROCE is compared to the average ROCE for the industry to determine if the company's profitability is above or below the industry norm.

Calculate Super Profits: If the company's ROCE is higher than the industry average, the excess profit is considered as the super profit. This excess profit is believed to be generated by the company's goodwill, including factors such as brand reputation, customer loyalty, or market positioning.

Apply Capitalization Rate: To determine the value of goodwill, the super profit is capitalized using a suitable capitalization rate. The capitalization rate represents the rate of return expected by an investor on their investment in the goodwill component of the business. The super profit is divided by the capitalization rate to calculate the value of goodwill.

It's important to note that the super profit method has its limitations and may not be suitable for all situations. It assumes that the excess profit is entirely attributable to goodwill and does not consider other factors that may contribute to the company's higher profitability. Additionally, selecting an appropriate capitalization rate requires careful judgment and consideration of various factors, such as industry risks, growth prospects, and the cost of capital.

As with any valuation method, it is advisable to consult with experienced professionals, such as valuation experts or appraisers, who can provide a comprehensive analysis and apply the most suitable methodology for determining the value of goodwill.

 

Q.6. Explain the procedure involved in calculating super profit for valuation of good will?

Ans. Calculating super profit for the valuation of goodwill involves several steps. Here's a general procedure that can be followed:

Calculate the average profits of the business over a certain number of years, typically between 3-5 years. This is done to determine the normal level of profits for the business.

Determine the fair return on capital invested in the business. This can be done by looking at the prevailing interest rates or the rate of return on investments of similar risk.

Deduct the fair return on capital invested from the average profits calculated in step 1. The result is the super profit.

Multiply the super profit by the number of years that the goodwill is expected to last. This is typically based on the past performance of the business and the industry it operates in

This figure is then adjusted for any factors that may affect the valuation of goodwill. For example, if the business is located in a high-risk area, the super profit may be adjusted downwards to reflect the risk.

Finally, the adjusted figure is added to the net assets of the business to determine the total value of the goodwill.

It's important to note that this is just a general procedure, and the actual process may vary depending on the specific circumstances of the business being valued. It's always best to consult a professional accountant or business valuer to ensure that the valuation is accurate and appropriate.

 

Q.7. What is average profit method of good will?

Ans. The average profit method of goodwill valuation is a commonly used approach to estimate the value of goodwill based on the average profits generated by a business over a specific period of time. This method is primarily used when there is no other specific basis available for calculating goodwill, such as a valuation based on the market price of shares.

Here's how the average profit method works:

Determine the number of years for which the average profits will be calculated. This period is typically between 3-5 years, depending on the industry and the stability of the business.

Calculate the average annual profit by adding up the profits of the business for the selected number of years and dividing the total by the number of years.

Determine the normal rate of return on capital invested in the business. This rate is typically based on prevailing interest rates or the rate of return on investments of similar risk.

Multiply the average annual profit by the normal rate of return to obtain the normal return on capital.

Subtract the normal return on capital from the average annual profit to determine the super profit. The super profit represents the excess profit earned by the business over and above the normal return.

Multiply the super profit by the number of years that the goodwill is expected to last. The number of years is typically based on the past performance of the business and industry trends.

Adjust the super profit figure for any relevant factors that may affect the valuation, such as risk factors or changes in market conditions.

The adjusted super profit figure is then added to the net assets of the business to calculate the total value of goodwill.

It's important to note that the average profit method is just one approach to valuing goodwill, and there are other methods available that may be more suitable depending on the specific circumstances of the business. Professional advice from an accountant or business valuer is recommended to ensure an accurate valuation.

 

Q.8. Explain capitalisation method for valuation of good will?

Ans. The capitalization method is one of the commonly used approaches for valuing goodwill. Goodwill refers to the intangible value of a business that arises from factors such as reputation, customer loyalty, brand recognition, and other non-physical assets. The capitalization method focuses on the future earnings potential of the business to determine the value of goodwill. Here's how the capitalization method works for valuing goodwill:

Determine the excess earnings: Excess earnings represent the earnings of the business that exceed the normal rate of return expected from its tangible assets. It reflects the additional value generated by the intangible assets, including goodwill. To calculate excess earnings, you need to subtract a fair return on the tangible assets from the actual earnings of the business.

Determine the capitalization rate: The capitalization rate is the rate of return required by an investor to justify the investment in the business. It reflects the risk associated with the business and is often derived from market data or industry benchmarks. The capitalization rate is used to convert the excess earnings into a present value.

Capitalize the excess earnings: Once the excess earnings and the capitalization rate are determined, the excess earnings are divided by the capitalization rate to arrive at the capitalized value of the goodwill. This represents the value of the goodwill based on the future earnings potential of the business.

It's important to note that the capitalization method is just one approach for valuing goodwill and may require additional adjustments or considerations depending on the specific circumstances of the business. Other methods, such as the income approach or market approach, can also be used in combination or as alternatives for valuing goodwill. Professional valuation experts or financial advisors can provide guidance and assistance in performing a comprehensive valuation of goodwill using appropriate methods.

 

Q.9. Explain the occasions when good will is valued?

Ans. Goodwill is typically valued in the following occasions:

Business Sale: When a business is being sold, the value of goodwill is determined as it represents the intangible value that the buyer is acquiring, such as the reputation, customer relationships, and brand recognition of the business.

Merger or Acquisition: In mergers or acquisitions, the value of goodwill is assessed to account for the intangible assets of the acquired company that go beyond its tangible assets.

Partnership Dissolution: If a partnership is dissolved, the value of goodwill is evaluated to determine the compensation owed to the outgoing partner based on their share of the business's intangible value.

Financial Reporting: Goodwill is also valued for financial reporting purposes, such as when preparing financial statements or conducting impairment tests to assess if the recorded value of goodwill is still valid.

Intangible Asset Assessment: Goodwill may be valued as part of an overall assessment of a company's intangible assets, allowing stakeholders to understand the value contributed by intangibles to the overall worth of the business.

In each of these situations, valuing goodwill helps stakeholders understand and assign a monetary value to the intangible assets and potential future earnings of a business, providing insights for decision-making, negotiations, financial reporting, or legal matters.

 

Q.10. Explain weighted average profit method for valuation of good will?

Ans. The weighted average profit method is a valuation approach used to determine the value of goodwill based on the historical profitability of a business. Here's a brief explanation of the method:

Calculate the average profit: Determine the average annual profits of the business over a specific period, typically the past few years. This is done by adding the profits of each year and dividing by the number of years.

Assign weights to profits: Assign weights to each year's profit based on their relative importance or relevance. Typically, more recent years may be given higher weights to reflect the current performance and trends of the business.

Multiply profits by weights: Multiply each year's profit by its assigned weight.

Sum up the weighted profits: Add up the results from the previous step to obtain the weighted average profit.

Determine the capitalization rate: Establish a capitalization rate based on factors like the risk associated with the business, industry trends, and market conditions.

Calculate goodwill value: Divide the weighted average profit by the capitalization rate to determine the value of goodwill. The result represents the present value of future excess earnings attributed to goodwill.

The weighted average profit method is just one approach to valuing goodwill, and its accuracy depends on the reliability of the historical financial data and the appropriateness of the chosen weights and capitalization rate. Professional valuation experts or financial advisors should be consulted to ensure accurate application of the method and consideration of other relevant factors for a comprehensive goodwill valuation.

 

Q.11. What is average profit method of valuation of good will? Explain the steps involved in it?

Ans. Apologies for the confusion in my previous response. The "average profit method" is not a commonly used method for valuing goodwill. However, if you are referring to the "super profit method" or "super earning method," which is sometimes used interchangeably, I can explain that instead.

The average profit method is used to value goodwill based on the excess earnings generated by a business compared to a normal return on its net tangible assets. Here are the steps involved in the average profit method:

Calculate the average annual profit: Determine the average annual profit of the business over a specific period, usually the past few years. This is done by summing the profits for each year and dividing by the number of years.

Determine the normal rate of return: Determine the normal rate of return that a business of similar nature and risk would generate on its net tangible assets. This rate is often based on industry benchmarks or historical data.

Calculate the super profit: Subtract the normal rate of return from the average annual profit. The result is the super profit, which represents the excess earnings generated by the business.

Determine the capitalization factor: Determine the capitalization factor based on factors such as the risk associated with the business, the growth prospects, and market conditions. This factor is typically derived from industry standards or expert judgment.

Calculate the value of goodwill: Multiply the super profit by the capitalization factor to arrive at the value of goodwill. This represents the capitalized value of the excess earnings attributable to goodwill.

It's important to note that the average profit method, or the super profit method, is just one approach for valuing goodwill. Other methods, such as the capitalization method or income-based approaches, may also be used depending on the specific circumstances and requirements of the valuation. Professional valuation experts or financial advisors should be consulted to ensure the appropriate application of the method and accurate valuation of goodwill.

 

Q.12. What is super profit method of valuation of good will ? explain the steps involved in it?

Ans. Apologies for the confusion earlier. The "super profit method" or "super earning method" is a valuation approach used to determine the value of goodwill based on the super-profit generated by a business. Here are the steps involved in the super profit method:

 

Calculate the normal profit: Determine the normal or expected rate of return on the net tangible assets of a business. This is usually based on industry benchmarks, similar businesses, or historical data.

Determine the average annual profit: Calculate the average annual profit of the business over a specific period, typically the past few years. This is done by summing the profits for each year and dividing by the number of years.

Calculate the super-profit: Subtract the normal profit (step 1) from the average annual profit (step 2). The resulting excess profit is referred to as the super-profit, representing the additional earnings generated by the business due to factors like brand reputation, customer loyalty, or unique market position.

Determine the capitalization rate: Determine the capitalization rate, also known as the rate of capitalization or multiplier, which is used to convert the super-profit into a present value. The capitalization rate is usually based on factors such as the risk associated with the business, industry trends, and market conditions.

Calculate the value of goodwill: Divide the super-profit by the capitalization rate to arrive at the value of goodwill. This value represents the capitalized worth of the excess earnings attributed to goodwill.

It's important to note that the super profit method is just one approach to valuing goodwill. Other methods, such as the capitalization method or income-based approaches, may also be used depending on the specific circumstances and requirements of the valuation. Consulting with a professional valuation expert or financial advisor is recommended for accurate application of the method and comprehensive goodwill valuation.

 

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1. What is good will? Write any four factors determining the value of good will?

Ans. Goodwill refers to the intangible value or reputation that a business possesses beyond its tangible assets. It represents the positive perception, brand recognition, customer loyalty, and other non-physical attributes that contribute to the business's overall value. Here are four factors that determine the value of goodwill:

Brand Recognition: A strong and well-known brand name can significantly contribute to the value of goodwill. A brand that is widely recognized, trusted, and associated with quality can attract customers and generate higher profits, thereby increasing the value of goodwill.

 

Customer Loyalty: The level of customer loyalty and repeat business is an important factor in determining goodwill. A business with a loyal customer base that consistently chooses its products or services over competitors' offerings is likely to have a higher value of goodwill.

Reputation and Relationships: The reputation of a business in its industry and the relationships it has built with customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders can impact goodwill. A positive reputation for ethical practices, reliability, and customer satisfaction enhances the value of goodwill.

Intellectual Property: Intellectual property assets, such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, and proprietary technology, can contribute to the value of goodwill. These assets provide a competitive advantage and can protect the business's unique offerings, further enhancing its goodwill.

Other factors that may influence the value of goodwill include market position, skilled workforce, distribution networks, exclusive contracts, and the overall performance and financial stability of the business. The determination of goodwill value is complex and requires a comprehensive analysis of various internal and external factors specific to the business and industry.

 

Q.2. What is good will? Write any four features of good will?

Ans. Goodwill refers to the intangible value or reputation that a business possesses beyond its tangible assets. It represents the positive perception, brand recognition, customer loyalty, and other non-physical attributes that contribute to the business's overall value. Here are four features of goodwill:

Intangible Asset: Goodwill is an intangible asset because it cannot be physically touched or measured. It exists in the minds of customers, stakeholders, and the market as a whole. It is based on the business's reputation, relationships, and other intangible qualities.

Enhanced Competitive Advantage: Goodwill provides a competitive advantage to a business by distinguishing it from competitors. A strong goodwill can attract customers, build trust, and create a loyal customer base. It helps the business to differentiate itself and maintain a competitive edge in the market.

Long-Term Value: Goodwill is typically built and developed over time. It is not easily replicated or acquired by competitors, making it a valuable asset for the business in the long run. Goodwill can contribute to sustainable growth, customer loyalty, and higher profitability over an extended period.

Transferable Asset: Goodwill is transferable when a business is sold or acquired. The value of goodwill can be assigned and included in the purchase price during business transactions. It represents an important component of the business's overall value and can significantly impact the deal price.

It's important to note that while goodwill is a valuable asset, it is also subjective and can be influenced by factors such as changes in management, market conditions, or negative events. Building and maintaining goodwill requires consistent efforts in delivering quality products or services, providing excellent customer experiences, and upholding a positive reputation within the industry.

 

Q.3. What is good will? Write types of good will?

Ans. Goodwill refers to the intangible value or reputation that a business possesses beyond its tangible assets. It represents the positive perception, brand recognition, customer loyalty, and other non-physical attributes that contribute to the business's overall value. Goodwill can be categorized into two types:

Purchased Goodwill: Purchased goodwill, also known as acquired goodwill, is the value of goodwill that is acquired when a business is purchased or acquired by another entity. It represents the premium paid by the buyer over the net tangible assets of the acquired business. Purchased goodwill is recorded as an intangible asset on the balance sheet and is subject to periodic impairment testing.

Internally Generated Goodwill: Internally generated goodwill is the value of goodwill that is developed and nurtured by a business over time through its own efforts and activities. It is not acquired through a transaction but is built through factors such as strong brand reputation, customer loyalty, positive customer experiences, and effective marketing strategies. Internally generated goodwill is not recorded as a separate asset on the balance sheet but is considered an inherent part of the business's overall value.

It's worth noting that while these two types of goodwill help capture different aspects of intangible value, the overall concept and importance of goodwill remain the same. Goodwill contributes to a business's competitive advantage, brand equity, and long-term success.