Chapter-3 Political, Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab in the
Beginning of 16th Century
1.
Who ruled over Delhi in the beginning of 16" Century?
The Lodhis
2.
Who founded Lodhi dynasty?
Behlol Lodhi
3.
When was Lodhy dynasty found?
1451 AD
4.
When did Sikandar Lodhi get the throne of Delhi?
1489 AD
5.
Sikandar Lodhi banned Hindus to take holy dip in which
River Yamuna
6.
When did Ibrahim Lodhi get the throne of Delhi?
1517 AD
7.
Who wad Daulat Khan Lodhi?
Governer of Punjab
8.
When did Daulat Khan Lodhi became the governer?
1500 AD
9.
Who appointed Daulat Khan Lodhi the governer?
Sikandar Lodhi
10.
What was the period or Tripartite struggle in Punjab?
1519 AD -1526 AD
11.
Name the parties who were involved in Tripartite Struggle?
Babur, Ibrahim Lodhi and Daulat Khan
Lodhi
12.
Where did the Babur belong to?
Kabul
13.
How many times did Babur invade Punjab?
5
14.
When did Babur invade Punjab for first time?
1519 AD
15.
By which name Guru Nanak Dev Ji described the invasion of Babur?
Papan Di Janj
16.
In which of his composition Guru Nanak Dev Ji describe the invasion of Babur?
Babar Vani
17.
When was the battle of Panipat fought?
21 April 1526 AD
18.
Name the parties between whom the battle of Panipat fought?
Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi
19.
Who won the battle of Panipat?
Babur
20.
Name two centers of education in Punjab in the beginning of 16th Century?
Lahore and Multan
21.
What was the main religion of the people of Punjab in the begining of 16th
century?
Hinduism
22.
How many sub-castes were there in Hinduism in the begining of 16th
century?
84
23.
Why was Punjab called the Granery of India?
Due to heavy production of Foodgrains
24.
What was the most famous industry of Punjab in the beginning of 16th
century?
Textile
25.
Name the Hindu classes who were induldged in trade?
Khatri, Banias, Mahajan, Sood and
Arora
26.
Name the Muslim classes who were induldged in trade?
Bohra and Khoja
27.
What was the main sect of Jogis called?
Nathpanthi
28.
Who founded Nathpanthi sect of Jogis?
Gorakh Nath
29.
Name the famous center of Jogis?
Mound of Gorakhnath
30.
To whom did the followers of Vaishnavism worship?
Lord Vishnu and his Avtaras
31.
How many Avtaras of Vishnu has been decribed in Puranas?
24
32.
To whom did the followers of Shakti Sect worship?
Goddess Durga, Goddess Kali, Goddess
Vaishno Devi, Goddess Jwalamukhi etc.
33.
Which was the second major religion after Hinduism in Punjab?
Islam
34.
Who founded Islam?
Prophet Mohammad
35.
Where was Islam founded?
At Macca
36.
When was Islam founded?
In 7th century AD
37.
How are the Leaders of Sufism known as?
Sheikhs or Peer
38.
Which tradition was started by Sufi Saints?
Qawalli
39.
Name the two famous Silsilas of Sufism?
Chishti and Suhravardi
40.
Who founded Chishti Silsila?
Khawaza Muin-ud-din Chishti
41.
Where was Chishti Silsila founded?
Ajmer
42.
Who is the most famous preacher of Chishtis in Punjab?
Sheikh Farid
43.
Where was Suhravardi Silsila founded?
Multan
44.
Who founded Suhravardi Silsila?
Sheikh Baha-ud-din Zakria
45.
How many Tirthankars were there in Jainism?
24
3 Marks Question Answer.
1.
Explain the political condition of the Punjab in the beginning of the 16"
Century?
Ans: In the beginning of 16"
century, the poliitical condition of the Punjab was not stable. Rulers adopted
the wrong policies. They didn’t take care of their subjects. The government officials
were corrupt. Peace was nowhere in the Punjab. The Muslims forcibly converted
the Hindus to Islam.
2.
Explain the triangular struggle of the Punjab in the beginning of the 16th
century?
Ans: This triangular struggle started
among the Babur, the ruler of Kabul, Ibrahim Lodhi, the ruler of Delhi and
Daulat Khan Lodhi, the Governer of the Punjab. Daulat Khan Lodhi wanted to
become the independent ruler of the Punjab. When Ibrahim Lodhi came to know his
intention, he summoned Daulat Khan Lodhi to his court. In place of visiting
himself, Daulat Khan Lodhi sent his son Dilawar Khan to Ibrahim Lodhi’s court. Ibrahim
Lodhi imprisoned Dilawar Khan Lodhi. To take revenge of this insult, Daulat Khan
Lodhi invited Babur to invade India. In this triangular struggle, the Babur got
victorious.
3.
What were the causes of struggle between Daulat Khan Lodhi and Ibrahim Lodhi?
Ans: Daulat Khan Lodhi was the Governer of the Punjab. He wanted to become the independent ruler of the Punjab. When Ibrahim Lodhi, the ruler of India came to know his intention, he summoned Daulat Khan Lodhi to his court. In place of visiting himself, Daulat Khan Lodhi sent his son Dilawar Khan to Ibrahim Lodhi’s court. Ibrahim Lodhi imprisoned Dilawar Khan Lodhi. Dilawar Khan managed to escape from the prison. To take revenge of this insult, Daulat Khan Lodhi invited Babur to invade India.
4.
Why did Babur invade India?
Ans: Causes
of Babur’s invasion:
a) He wanted to expand his empire.
b) He wanted to get the wealth of
India.
c) He wanted to spread Islam.
d) There was political instability in
India. Babur wanted to get its advantage.
e) Daulat Khan Lodhi had invited him
to invade India.
5.
Write a short note on Saidpur invasion of Babur.
Ans: Babur invaded Saidpur in 1520
AD. The people of Saidpur tried to resist Babur. Babur got angry. He massacred
people and made a lot of destruction. At that time, Guru Nanak Dev Ji was in
Saidpur. He wrote about the cruality of Mughal army in his ‘Babur Vani’. The
army of Babur arrested Guru Sahib, but when Babur came to know about Guru Nanak
Dev Ji he ordered to release Guru Sahib.
6.
Give a brief account of the first battle of Panipat.
Ans: After defeating Daulat Khan
Lodhi in 1925, Babur marched towards Delhi to clash Ibrahim Lodhi. When Ibrahim
Lodhi came to know, he also marched towards Babur to clash. On April 21, 1526
AD, both the armies met at Panipat. Ibrahim Lodhi was defeated and killed in
the battle. This battle led to the end of Lodhis and beginning of Mughal rule
in India.
7.
What led to the victory of Babur in the first battle of Panipat?
Ans:
a) Ibrahim Lodhi was not liked by his
subjects. They wanted to get rid of him.
b) Ibrahim’s army was weaker as
compared to Babur.
c) Their methods of warfare were
outdated.
d) Babur was an able commander.
e) Ibrahim Lodhi delayed in attacking
Babur’s army.
f) Babur used artillary.
8.
What was the social condition of the Punjab, in the beginning of the 16th
century?
Ans: The Punjab was divided into two
main classes; the Muslims and the Hindus. The Muslims, being related to ruling
class, enjoyed special privilages. They were appointed to high offices of the
state. The Hindus were appointed to lower posts. They had to pay havy taxes.
They were called Kafirs and forced to embrace Islam. The condition of women was
also pitiable.
9.
Give an account of the Muslim classes of Punjab in the beginning of 16th
century?
Ans: The
Muslim society was divided into three classes:
a) Upper Class: It comprised the Nobles, Khans,
Shaikhs, Qazis and Ulemas etc. People of this class led a luxrius and
comfertable life.
b) Middle Class: This class comprised traders,
soldiers, peasants and petty officials.
c) Lower Class: This class comprised mostly the
slaves, sarvents and petty peasants. Their life was tough.
10.
Describe the condition of women in Punjab in the beginning of the 16th
century?
Ans: The condition of the women was
worst. They were treated very badly. Their status was low. The birth of girl
was not considered good. Many of girls were killed immediately after birth.
Sati and child marriages were pravelent. Widow re-marriage was not allowed.
11.
What was the social condition of the Hindus in the society of the Punjab, in
the beginning of the 16th century?
Ans: The condition of Hindus was
deplorable. They were deprived of higher posts. They were taxed heavily. They
were forced to embrace Islam. They were called Kafir and Zimmies. The Hindu
society was divided into a number of castes and sub-castes.
12.
Give a brief account of prevelent education in the Punjab in the beginning of
the 16th century.
Ans: No special provisions were there
for education. Ulemas and Maulvis taught the Muslims. Primary education was
provided in mosques and maktab. Higher education was provided in Madrassas. The
Hindus received education from Brahmins in temples and pathshalas. Lahore and
Multan were the famous centres of higher learning.
13.
Write short note on the means of entertainment of the people of Punjab in the
beginning of the 16th century.
Ans: The Muslims entertained
themselves in many ways. There were fond of hunting, polo, dancing, singing,
music, chess, wrestling, horse riding, animal-fights etc. They used to participate
in fairs and festivals. Id, Nauroz and Shab-i-Barat etc. were their famous
festival. Hindus entertained themselves by dancing, singing and music. They
played chess and cards.
14.
Briefly explain the economic condition of Punjab in the beginning of the
16" century.
Ans: People of Punjab were rich and
prosperous. Their main occupation was agriculture. The land of Punjab was fertile.
So, the production of crops was very high. Punjab was known as the granary of
India. People were engaged in industry and trade also. Industries were owned by
both the government and the people.
15.
Write short note on agriculture in the Punjab in the beginning of 16th
Century.
Ans: Agriculture was the main occupation of the people. The land of Punjab was fertile. Canals, ponds and wells were used for irrigation. People of Punjab were very hard-working. The production of crops was very high. Punjab was known as the granary of India. Main crops of Punjab were wheat, barley, cotton, maize, rice and sugarcane etc.
16.
Give an account of the main industries of the Punjab in the beginning of the 16th
century.
Ans: Industry was the main occupation of the people after agriculture. Industries were owned by both the government and the people. The textile industry was the most famous industry of the Punjab. Lahore, Multan, Amritsar, Jalandhar, Kashmir etc. were famous centers of silk textile. Other industries included leather goods, arms, utencils, toys etc.
17.
Give a brief account of the trade of Punjab in the beginning of the 16"
century.
Ans: The trade of Punjab was well
developed. Domestic trade was done through bullock carts. Transporation of
goods were done by Banjaras. Foreign trade was carried on mainly with Afghanistan,
Egypt, the Arab countries, Syria, Tibet, Bhutan and China etc. Food itoms,
silk, cotton and sugar were exported. Horses, arms, fur, dry fruit, cosmetics
etc. were imported in Punjab.
18.
What was the condition of Hinduism in the beginning of the 16th Century?
Ans: Hinduism was main religion of
the people of Punjab. The Hindus have faith in the Vedas. The Ramayana and the
Mahabharta were very popular. The Hindus worshipped various gods and goddesses.
They visited on pilgrimage and took bath in holy rivers. The people of Punjab gave
a lot of respect to the Brahmins. No religious ceremony was considered complete
in the absence of Bharhmins.
19.
Write short note on Islam.
Ans: The Islam was very popular
religion in the beginning of 16" century. It was founded by Prophet
Muhammad in the 7th century at Mecca. He condemned the social and
religious evils. He preached the oneness of God and the brotherhood of mankind.
According to Islam a Muslim should follow five principles. These principles
were called the fiver pillers of life.
20.
What are the five pillers of life according to Islam?
Ans: Five
pillers of Islam:
1) Every Muslim should recite Kalma.
2) Every Muslim should daily read
Namaz, five times a day.
3) Muslims should observe Rozas in
the month of Ramzan.
4) Every Muslim should donate a part
of income to poor and needy.
5) Every Muslim should go for
pilgrimage to Mecca atleast once in life.
21.
Write short note on Ulemas.
Ans: Ulemas
were the scholars of Islam.
1) They interpreted Islamic Laws.
2) They motivated the sultans to
initiate Jehad against Hindus.
3) The formulated plans to spread
islam.
22.
Write short note on Sufism.
Ans: Sufism was very popular in the
beginning of 16™ century. Sufis believed in the Allah. According to them, Allah
is omnipotent and omnipresent. One could realise Allah only through love. Sufis
started the tradition of Qwalli. They did not believe in castism and idol
worship. Political, social and economic condition of Punjab in the early 16th
century.
6 Marks Questions
Question:
What were the three categories of Muslims in the society of Punjab in the 16th
century?
Answer: Punjab has been ruled by
Muslims since the time of Mahmud Ghaznavi. Under the Delhi Sultanate, Punjab
became the permanent abode of Muslims. They married local women and converted
many Hindus to Islam. In this way they strengthened their hold on Punjab. During this period Muslim society was divided into the
following three categories:-
1. Upper class: - In this class Sardar, Iktadar was called by the names of Khan, Malik and
Amir. The chiefs who were given certain areas by the government were called
Iktadars. The ulema were the religious leaders of the Muslims who had a good
knowledge of the Qur'an. They interpreted Islamic law. After this, Syed was respected
in the Muslim community. But the arrogance of position, honour and state had
corrupted the aristocracy. The aristocracy had fallen far short of their conduct.
They had many begums and maids in their abode. In the 16th century, Muslim
society did not recognize caste, but it was still divided into rich, poor, middle
and lower classes. This gap was becoming never ending, even though according to
Islam, this difference is a religious crime.
2. Middle class: Farmers, soldiers, traders and government employees in small posts were
in the middle class. Scholars and writers also fell into that category. The
standard of living of these people was much lower than that of the affluent class.
3. Lower Class: - Slaves and servants were the lowest among the Muslims. A large number of
slaves lived in the courts and residences of the affluent class. Their life was
very painful. There were few examples of some slaves, who get rid of slavery on
the basis of their strength, ability and bravery. They also reached on higher positions.
Q:
What was the condition of women in Punjab in the 16th century?
Answer: - 1. The condition of Muslim women: - The condition of women in Muslim society was not
good. They were considered as mere objects of luxury. There was no provision
for their education. They lived behind the scenes. The practice of polygamy and
divorce had made their situation even more painful. The upper class women must
have got some facilities according to their status. They used to go out of the
house in the palanquin. Many maids were appointed in their service. Their
numbers were very small. According to Dr. BS Nijjar, “Muslim women had a very
low status in society. In this age, Muslim women were also considered nothing
but a means of entertainment. The evils like divorce and polygamy are an
inhumanity on women. There were stains that could not be cleaned.
2. The condition of Hindu women: - The condition of women in Hindu
society was very painful. The birth of a girl child was also considered
inauspicious. Therefore in many tribes they were killed as soon as they born.
No attention should be paid to their education. The women of the upper castes
had the necessary facilities in this area. All the other girls remained
illiterate. As the ruler, the Muslims forcibly took away the Hindu girls. Child
marriage and the practice of veil were also a form of this atrocity. As a
result evil like sati was also prevalent in Hindu society. Widows were not
allowed to marry again. The position of widow was miserable in the society.
They were called kultas and witches. According to M Ashraf, "the condition
of women from birth to death was painful". How could Hindu society developed
and prospered in this environment of Hindu customs, superstitions and the dark
life of women?
Question:
In the 16th century, Punjab was the arena of triangular struggle. Explain.
Answer: - 1. In the early 16th century,
Punjab was the arena of triangular struggle in which Ibrahim Lodhi became the
Sultan of Delhi. He was a very angry, foolish and incompetent ruler. He adopted
a strict policy towards Afghans, chiefs and courtiers. Due to his ruthless and
harsh policy, Afghan chiefs and governors began plotting against him.
2. Ibrahim Lodhi’s stepbrother Alam
Khan started conspiring to become the Sultan of Delhi. The Governor of Punjab
Daulat Khan Lodhi got fed up with the Sultan's policies and started conspiring
to become an independent ruler. .
3. Alexander Lodhi appointed Tatar
Khan Lodhi's son as the Governor of Punjab. He was initially loyal to the Delhi
Sultanate. Later, fed up with Alexander Lodhi's policies, he started dreaming
of becoming an independent ruler of Punjab with his three sons. When the Sultan
found out about these activities, he asked them to come to his court. Daulat
Khan sent his son Dilawar Khan and Ibrahim Khan imprisoned.
4. Dilawar Khan escaped from his
captivity and joined hands with his father Daulat Khan Lodhi and formed an
alliance with Babar, the ruler of Kabul. Daulat Khan Lodhi believed that Babar
would defeat Ibrahim Lodhi and conquer Delhi and become its independent ruler.
5. Punjab was in the grip of strife,
rebellion, anarchy and unrest. One of these powers was Daulat Khan, his son and
other Afghan chiefs, the other was Babar who wanted to occupy Delhi and Punjab
and the third was Shakti. Ibrahim Lodhi himself who was trying to prevent the
disintegration of his kingdom.
Q
What was the standard of living of the people of Punjab in the early 16th
century?
Answer: At the beginning of the 16th
century, the condition of the people in Punjab was very pitiable. The ruling
class was immersed in luxury. Celebrations were held daily in the Darbars.
Dancers used to take part in these celebrations in large numbers and there were
rounds of drinking. In such a situation no one paid any attention to the
people. Government employees were corrupt. Bribery was rampant everywhere. The
sultans and the qazi ulama also used to do justice by taking bribes. The
atrocities against the Hindus were very high. They were being forcibly
converted to Islam at the point of a sword. Those who refused were killed.
Atrocities, deception, and corruption were rampant. Shri Guru Nanak Dev Ji says
“Kali Kati Raje Kasai Dharam Pankh Kar Udarya, Koor Amavas Sachu Chandrama
Disai Nahi Kahi Chadya” At that time the life of the people was not the same.
The standard of living of the Hindu and Muslim aristocracy were very high. Due
to the abundance wealth, people lived a life of luxury. They wore expensive
clothes, ate tamasic food and alcohol became a part of life. The peasants were
exploited. They could neither eat good food nor wear good clothes. Their life
was like a dream.
Q:
What was the economic condition of Punjab in the early 16th century?
Answer: The economic condition of the
people of Punjab was very good in the beginning of the 16th century. The land
was very fertile. With less labour the yield would have been very good. Five
rivers were flowen through punjab, with the water of which the irrigated land
would spark gold. Trade was also done through Punjab. Thus Punjab was a
prosperous state.
1. Agriculture: - Agriculture was the main occupation of the people in the 16th century.
The government provided full support to the farmers to make the new land
cultivable. The main source of irrigation was rain. Most of the people irrigated
through canals, ponds and wells. Wheat, barley, maize, sugarcane and other such
crops were also grown. Hence Punjab was called the food reserve of India.
2. Industry: - After agriculture, the main occupation of the people of Punjab was industry.
Domestic industry was set up in big cities and villages. Textile industries were
set up in various cities, such as near modern Hoshiarpur. Bajwara was famous
for its fine fabrics, gold embroidered turbans and belts.
3. Animal Husbandry: - The people of Punjab were also engaged in animal husbandry. The animals
to be reared were cows, oxen, mules, sheep, goats, buffaloes, camels etc. The
oxen were raised for farming.
4. Trade: - The trade of Punjab was quite developed. In the Muslim world, the people
of the Vohra caste used to trade. The moneylenders paid interest and money. The
hundi system was prevalent. Punjab was rich in all respects.
5. Minerals: - There was scarcity of minerals in Punjab. Minerals were found in some places.
Copper was obtained from zinc in narwhal near Jammu. Gold was extracted from
rivers.
6. Commercial Towns: - In the 16th century, Multan and Lahore were the commercial towns of the
Punjab. These towns were surrounded by a wall to protect them.
Q
What was the religious status of Punjab in the 16th century?
Answer: - The religious condition of
Punjab was very pitiable in the 16th century. There were two religions
prevalent in Punjab. Hinduism and Islam. There was a lot of superstition in
religions. People of Hindu religion hated Muslims and Muslims hated people of
Hindu religion. People had forgotten the reality of religion.
1. Hinduism: - Hinduism was the popular religion of Punjab. People of this religion believed
in Vedas. Vedas were the oldest, authentic and holy scriptures. Brahmins were
highly respected. The Puranas, Upanishads, Ramayana, Mahabharata and Gita were
popular scriptures. Hinduism was further divided into several sects like Shaivism,
Vaishnavism and Shakti.
2. Buddhism and Jainism: - Buddhism was prevalent as one of the
religions of Hinduism. The people engaged in these were more inclined towards
this doctrine. They never accepted the existence of God. They followed the
rules of non- violence.
3. Islam: Hazrat Muhammad established this religion in Mecca. Islam was first propagated
in Punjab. Shia and Sunni were the two major sects of Muslims.
4. Sufism: - The Muslim influence was more prevalent in Punjab. Twelve sects (sub-sects)
of Sufis were prevalent. Among them were Chishti and Muhravardi chief. There
was no bigotry in them.
Q:
What was the condition of Hindus in Punjab in the early 16th century?
Answer: The condition of the Hindus
of the Punjab was very pitiable in the early 16th century. They were
considered as a second-class citizen compared to Muslims. Muslims had a
monopoly on government jobs. Hindu society was divided into Brahmins, Khatris,
Vaish and Shudras.
1. Brahmins were not respected in the
early 16th century. Muslim rulers did not respect Brahmins. Khatris
left the war. They became landlords, traders and farmers.
2. The condition of women in Hindu
society was very painful. The girl was killed as soon as they born. Evils like
child marriage and veil were very prevalent in the society. The practice of
sati was also prevalent. Widows were not allowed to marry again. Thus the
condition of women from birth to death was very painful.
3. Education was imparted in temples
and pathshalas only. In the beginning education was imparted by pandits. At
that time Hindu children also used to go to Muslim madrassas for education.
4. Rituals and superstitions were
also prevalent among the Hindus. Many rituals were performed from birth to
death.
5. Hindu food was vegetarian. Wheat,
barley, rice, maize, milk, yoghurt, ghee and vegetables were available. Meat,
garlic and onion were not used. People of smaller castes used to eat meat.
6. The upper class people wore
cotton, silk clothes like Muslims. Women and men used to wear jewellery. Noble
Hindus were also fond of dance songs and music. They played cards and choppers.
How could the dark life of faith and women lead to the development and progress
of Hindu society in this environment? The influence of the 16th century can
still be felt. Untouchability was the main cause of decline of hindu society.
Q.
Describe Babar's attacks on the Punjab.
Answer: Babar seized kabul in 1504
AD. From 1519 to 1526 AD he carried out five attacks on Punjab .The details of
which are given below:
1. First attack: -
The first invasion took place in 1519
AD. Dangerous tribes were suppressed by force. Going further, he persecuted the
people of Bhera, Bhera. He killed people to dominate. After some time, he
appointed Hindu as the head of Bhera and went to Kabul.
2. Second attack: -
In December 1519 Babur reached
Peshawar through the Khyber Pass and wanted to conquer India, but he had to
retreat due to a revolt in Badakhshan.
3. Third attack: -
Babur launched the third invasion in
1520 AD in Bhera, Bajaur, Aminabad and Sialkot. Shri Guru Nanak Dev Ji also
recorded babur's invasions in his Bani.
4. Fourth attack: -
1524 AD. In 1941, he launched his
fourth attack to conquer Punjab and Delhi. A message had been sent by Daulat
Khan Lodhi to invade India. Took over
5. Fifth attack: -
