Chapter 5th (Artificial Intelligence and Expert System)
CHAPTER NO.5 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
& EXPERT SYSTEMS
5.1 INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
In this chapter we are going to study the concept of
AI. It is the branch of Computer Science in which intelligent machines are
created that work like humans. A.I refers to a software technology that makes a
robot or a computer act and thinks like a human. The term AI was first coined
by an American Computer Scientist named "John McCarthy" in 1956 at
the Denmark Conference. He is also known as the father of A.L
5.2 WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?
Artificial intelligence refers to the intellectual
ability developed in an artificial way. The field of Artificial Intelligence
(AI systems) encompasses computer science, natural language
processing, math, psychology, neuroscience, data
science, machine learning and many other disciplines,
Artificial intelligence is coined from two different
words:
Artificial + Intelligence
Artificial is said to be manmade.
Intelligence is the capacity of mind to understand
principles, truth, facts or meanings,to acquire knowledge, and apply it to
practice. It's the ability to learn and comprehend.
Artificial intelligence is therefore machines
created by man to make life easy and comfortable. These are computer programs
or machines that help to think and learn.
Examples of AI are : spam filters in email accounts,
predictive text on Google site, smart cars and drones system, Alexa.
In other words AI could be summarized as follows:
It creates a computer system or a robotic system,
which is attempted to run based on the same logic on which the human brain
works.
According to John McCarthy, it is the science and
engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer
programs, that is, the intelligence displayed by machines.
It studies about how the human brain thinks and
leams while solving a problem,how it makes decisions and how it works.
During the 1940s many scientists started to work
upon the possibility of creation of an attificial brain. In 1950 Alan Mathison
Turing, a mathematician, published a
paper on the
possibility of creating the machines who can think.
After that, artificial intelligence becomes key area of interest for research
work.
5.3 TYPES OF Al
There are various types of artificial intelligence.
Based upon the capabilities and the functionality of AI it can be categorize
into mainly two types :- Type-1 and Type-2 which are
further divided into subtypes.Following is the
diagram which shows the types of artificial intelligence.
5.3.1 Type-1
Type -1 of the artificial intelligence is based upon
the capabilities in comparison with the human being. Level of intelligence of a
digital computer or machine is compared with the level
of the normal human being. So based on this
parameter artificial intelligence of Type-1 can be further classified into
three following subtypes-
Narrow AI
General AI
Strong AI
So we study the above mentioned subtypes of AI one
by one as following:
Narrow Artificial Intelligence (NAD) : It is a type
of artificial intelligence in which specific dedicated tasks are performed with
intelligence. It focuses on single set of abilities and
performs that task. These systems cannot perform
anything beyond there defined fields. This is the reason that narrow AI is also
known as Weak AI.
Example ; Apple Siri is a good example of narrow
artificial intelligence. It is software which takes our commands in our voice
and gives suitable answer after analyzing it. Some other examples are computers
playing chess game and the image recognition. Another good
example is ‘video recommendation system’ of YouTube.
(4) General Artificial Intelligence (GAD) : In this
type of artificial intelligence computer system can perform any generalized
task given just like human beings. It has equal efficiency as of human. It is
more complex as compared to narrow Al. However there is no such general
AI system still exist which can perform similar tasks
to human.
(i) Strong Artificial Intelligence (SAD) : It is an
outcome of the general artificial intelligence, It is the level of AI in which
the computer systems surpass human beings in
intelligence. They can perform any task better than
human. This is also known as Super attificial intelligence. These have the
following properties like
Ability to think.
Ability to reason,
Ability to solve a puzzle.
Make plans and judgments.
Ability to leam, communicate itself.
However it is a hypothetical concept. Still there is
lot of work to do in this area. It may be possible in the near future.
So from the above mentioned three subtypes from
TYPE-1 of artificial intelligence, we can summarize the key points as follows-
NAI - performs one specific task.
GAI- same ability as human.
SAI - more ability than human.
5.3.2 Type-2
Type -2 of the artificial intelligence is totally
based upon the functionality and capability in comparison to the human beings.
So TYPE-2 AI is classified into the following four
categories described below-
Reactive machines
Limited Memory
Theory of Mind
Self-Awareness
(i) Reactive Machines : Reactive machines are basic
in that they do not store ‘memories’ or use past
experiences to determine future actions. They simply
perceive the world and react to it. IBM's Deep Blue,
which defeated chess grandmaster Kasporov, is a
reactive machine that sees the pieces on a chess board
and reacts to them. So they only focus on the
completion of current task in a best possible way.Because they have no memory
so they cannot use previous data for future tasks. So they behave in the
same manner all the time when the same situation
comes.
Example ; Deep Blue System of IBM. Similarly
Google's AlphaGo is another example of reactive machines.
(i)Limited Memory Machine : Limited
Memory machines can retain data for a short period
of time, While they can use this data for a specific
period of time, they cannot add it to a library of
their experiences. Many self-driving cars use Limited
(ii)Memory technology: they store data such as the
recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of such cars, the speed limit, and
other information that can help them to navigate on the roads, Example: Self
Driving car.
(iii)Theory of Mind : The idea in this artificial
intelligence type is to understand the emotions, beliefs
of people and react according to these. As the name
of this AI is "theory of mind", it is a concept of understanding the
behavior of human beings and then
reacting to it. This is related to human
psychology.However no such machine is completely developed.
Researchers are making huge efforts for the making
of these types of machines.
(iv) Self-Awareness : These machines are a concept
of future and have not been developed yet. These are on theoretical side and
are the future of the artificial intelligence. These
machines will have the properties of
Sentiments
Self-awareness
Super intelligent
consciousness
This type of AI can be considered as the further
advanced extension of the Theory of mind AI. This concept may be possible in
near future. However no such super intelligent self-aware
machine or system is present till now.
5.4 IMPORTANCE OF AI
Artificial Intelligence plays a vital role
now-a-days. It is almost used in every comer of latest technology. Many new
type of automatic computer systems replaced human beings and thus reduced their
workload. AI provides a new concept to this world that how we can achieve the
impossible goals with very ease. Many revolutionary innovations are presented
in front of world due the existence of AL This has a very important role in
today's human life and is going to increase in upcoming time. Areas of
importance of Al's are several and here we are going to
discuss some of them as below-
(1) Game Playing : AI plays an important role in
strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc. where the machine can
think of a large number of possible positions.
As we know a Deep Blue game of chess was made by IBM
and after up gradation it even beat the world chess champions. Today there are
number of latest games which are played by
the user are due to the AI.
(2) Voice Recognition : This technique transforms
the words spoken by the user into text form. It is also known as speech
recognition. For examples advertisements of Google and other
companies that ask you to speak on the mobile and it
will answer you. Apple's Siri is also an
example of speech recognition as it gives the
answers to the questions of the user in voice form.
(3) Understanding the Natural Language : AI is best
used in the area of natural language processing(NLP).The language which human
speaks is known as natural language like Punjabi, Hindi, English, French etc.
So the interaction process between computers and
human is known as NLP. The main works of natural
language processing is text translation;gtammatical analysis and speech
recognitions.
Some examples of NLP are : Dragon Dictation, Evemote
for Android, Spell check,Autocomplete, Voice text messaging, Spam
filters,related keywords on search engines, Alexa,
or Google Assistant
(4) Computer Vision & analysis : AI has an
important role in computer vision. Computer vision stands for representing
three dimensional (3D) real world information into very understandable form
just like human's eye do. Computer vision helps in pattern recognition. It
automatically extracts information from the images
and provides crucial information. Al's ability to read both medical images and
medical records could save the vast amount of time
that radiologists and cardiologists spend diagnosing
disease.
5.5 APPLICATIONS OF AI
Artificial intelligence AI has a huge impact on many
of the fields and some of them are mentioned below:-
(i) Intrusion Detection System : IDS system can be
developed by using artificial Intelligence. It is type of security software
designed to automatically alert administration when
someone or something is trying to violate the
security system and perform a malicious activity that can damage the data or
system. Example of IDS is firewall that can block unauthorized
sites, email services against spam, Network
Intrusion Detection System
ii) Gaming : It plays an important role in strategic
games like chess, tic-tac-toe etc. Here the machine should be able to think of
multiple possible steps based on heuristic knowledge.
(iii) Natural Language Processing : Able to
communicate with the computers that understand human used natural language.
(iv) Machine Learning : Machine leaming is an
application of artificial intelligence (AI)that provides systems the ability to
automatically learn and improve from experience without
being explicitly programmed. Machine learning
focuses on the development of computer programs that can access data and use it
leam for themselves. The process of learning begins with observations or data,
such as direct experience, or instruction. The primary aim of machine learning
is to allow the computers learn automatically without human intervention or
assistance and adjust actions accordingly.
(v) Expert Systems : There are a few applications
which incorporate machine, programming,and some special data to confer thinking
and prompting. They give clarification and exhortation
to the users.
(vi) Vision Systems : These types of systems are
able to understand, interpret and grasp visual input on the computer, Ex: A
spying plane or drone takes pictures, which are utilized to
make sense of spatial data or guide of the zones and
areas.
(vii) Speech Recognition ; You will find some
systems which are able to understand the language which is used by humans and talk
to them. They can even understand the slang,background noise, accent etc.
(viii) Handwriting Recognition : This special
software will be able to read the text written either by a pen or stylus on
paper or screen respectively. It also understands the letter
shapes and will convert it into editable text.
(ix) Intelligent Robots : Robots are one of the best
creations by humans, They can do multiple tasks within no time. Though they
cannot be alternate to humans but are very efficient
when doing any tasks. The best part about these
systems is that they are adaptable to the
efvironment around them.
5.6 PURPOSE OR GOALS OR USES OF
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Some of the common goals of AI are
given below:
AT is used to develop reasoning and problem-solving skills.
Al is used for easy representation of knowledge.
AT is used to develop intelligent machines.
AT is used to work with sensors (take input from
sensors) and react accordingly.
AT is used to improve productivity, efficiency and
accuracy.
5.7 PROS AND CONS OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
5.7.1 Pros of Artificial Intelligence
Here are the advantages of using Artificial
Intelligence (AD).
iIt Is Cost-Effective : Unlike humans, robots and
machines do not have to get paid every month for the work they do. Hence, it
helps to reduce and to control the cost by using artificial intelligence.
ii) They Don't Take Rest : machines and robots can
perform lengthy and important tasks in a more effective manner. Unlike humans,
machines don't need to rest or take a break. They
don't need to eat or sleep like us and never fell
ill or take leaves.
(iii) It Enhances Efficiency : Artificial
intelligence provides work efficiency. Machine would be able to perform even
the most complex tasks without any error.
(iv) Low Error Rate : In AI we have a low error rate
as compared to humans, if it is coded properly.
(v) Work in hostile Environment : It can work in
even the most hostile environments,thus able to complete dangerous tasks,
explore in space, and endure problems that would injure
or kill us, The A.I robots are used even in mining
and digging fuels that would otherwise be hostile for humans.
(vi) Good Assistants ; It is very good at prediction
as in a smart phone it can easily predict what a user will type, ask, search, and
do. They can easily act as assistants and direct various actions.
(vii) Make Repetitive task easier : It can perform
repetitive task in easy manner whereas human get bored in doing
(viii) Machines Don't Have Emotions : Since machines
don't have emotions, there are no chances of any emotional barriers getting in
the way of the workplace. Nothing is going to
affect their performance.
5.7.2 Cons of Artificial Intelligence
Cons of Artificial Intelligence are given below:
(i) Machines Cannot Feel Compassion And Sympathy :
There is no doubt that machines are much better when it comes to working
efficiency but they cannot replace the human connection that makes the team.
(ii) Increase in Unemployment And Job insecurity
Issues : With more and more
machines being designed, there will be an abrupt
increase in unemployment and job security,Since machines are replacing human
resources, the rate of people losing their jobs will
increase.
(iii) Risk of Loss of Important Data : We use
computers, smart phones and other devices to store almost all our important
documents, files, pictures, and videos. Once lost, it is not
possible (or very difficult) to retrieve this
information. This can cause serious trouble for your
businesses,
(iv) The exploitation/misuse of artificial
intelligence : Misuse or exploitation of anything is bad. We often hear threats
that the misuse of technology can bring the world to a destructive end, This
stands true to a great extent as we have seen in animated movies and films
related
with AI of Hollywood. If AI is given into wrong
hands, high technology machines can definitely destroy society.
5.8 EXPERT SYSTEMS
Expert systems are computer programs that are
derived from a branch of computer science resenrch called Artificial Intelligence
(AI). The piece of software which uses databases of
expert knowledge to offer advice or make decisions
In other words we can say expert system is a type of software that uses
knowledge base to solve a problem. It is mainly developed using artificial intelligence
concepts, tools and technologies, and possesses expert knowledge in a
particular field, topic or skill. Expert system is a computer program which
transforms knowledge of an expert into a software.
Expert systems are created to find the solution of
complex problems in particular area.We can depict the working of Expert Systems
as shown in the figure,Expert system is decision making software. It gains the
knowledge
and capability of problem solving of experts in
various fields and
then gives responses. The knowledge which it gains
from expert person is known as knowledge base. So expert systems are the best
example of knowledge based systems. Following are some more examples of expert
system:
DENDRAL : system expert in chemical analysis.
MYCIN: system expert in treating blood infections.
CADET : system expert in detecting cancer at early
stages.
PXEDS : system expert in detecting degree of lung
cancer.
5.8.1 Components of Expert System
The expert system contains the following components
which are described below-
I. User interface
II Inference engine.
III. Knowledge base
User Interface : It is the interface between user and inference engine. This component takes the questions of the user and then sends it to inference engine. After getting the result it send the answer to the user.
Inference Engine : It is known as the core of the
expert system. It takes queries from user and draw conclusions by watching
facts and applying rules. Then it sends the result to user
interface. It is also called the brain of the expert
system.
(i) Knowledge Base : It is a place where the
knowledge from the human experts is collected. Inference engine checks the
facts and data from the knowledge base and then draw the conclusions,
5.8.2 Characteristics of Expert Systems
The characteristics of an expert system are as
follows-
Expertise : The expert system is expert in a
particular area. For example MYCIN
expert system finds the blood infections with high
accuracy. So they are a high level of expertise.
Quick Reaction Time : Expert systems are quick in
their response when questions are asked by user. Reaction time is very short.
Flexible : It is more flexible in handling
questions,
Reliability < It is more reliable because it does
not make any mistake.
Decision Quality : Expert systems make the high
quality decisions.
Consistent : They provide consistent answers for the
same questions.
Cost effective : It decreases the cost of consulting
an expert for various domains such as medical diagnosis.
Successful forms of artificial intelligence (AI) :
Expert systems are among the first truly successful forms of artificial
intelligence (Al) software.
5.8.3 Limitations of Expert systems
Don't have human-like decision making power.
(Can't possess human capabilities,
(Can't produce correct result from less amount of
knowledge.
Requires excessive training.
5.8.4 Comparison between Human and
Expert Systems
5.9 ROBOTICS
The term robotics stands for the study of
robots.Robotics means for the designing, creation, working
and the usability of the robots. Robots are the
machines which do the work for humans. Robotics is acombination of science and
engineering. It includes
the branches of computer science, artificial
intelligence, nanotechnology etc.
Robots are very useful for humans. These are
providing helping hands to humans. Robots are replacing the working humans in
many areas. Robots are the smart machines which can do
the work by following the instructions themselves.
It is the new growing field which has a lot of opportunities for advancement.
We can define robots as the machines with
programming which can carry the series of operations for doing a task. They can
react in this real world with the help of sensors.
5.9.1 Generations of Robots
Generally we divide the robots into four generations
depending upon the use of hardware and software technologies.
(i) First Generation : These are mechanical robots
and they don't use external sensors.AI is absent in this generation. They have
good precision and high speed also.
(i) Second Generation ; These types of robots use
various sensors like pressure sensors,position sensors etc. They have vision
system and are programmable.
(i) Third Generation : These generation robots are
autonomous. They use artificial intelligence. They have speech recognition and
navigation techniques.
(iv) Fourth Generation ; These are smart as human
beings. They use the advanced level of AI. These are the future of robotics.
5.9.2 Applications of Robotics
As we all know that robotics is the latest trends in
technology. There are lots of applications of robotics as mentioned below-
Military robots : perform military applications such
as rescue, search and attack.
Research robots : collect and analyze the data for
research work.
Domestic robots : helpful in household.
Construction robots : helpful in construction of
buildings, brick laying etc.
Healthcare robots : used in medical field such as
surgery.
Industrial robots : performs repetitive tasks of
human beings.
Space exploration ; provide immense help to
astronauts,
5.9.3 Some Languages used to develop AI
are
Python : Python is now most widely used language in
AI development due to the
simplicity. The syntaxes belonging to python are
very simple and can be easily learnt. Therefore,many AI algorithms can be
easily implemented in it. Python takes short development time in comparison to
other languages like Java, C++ or Ruby.
R : R is one of the most effective language and
environment for analyzing and manipulating the data for statistical purposes.
Lisp : Lisp is one of the oldest and the most suited
languages for the development in AI. It was invented by John McCarthy, the
father of Artificial Intelligence in 1958.
(iv) Prolog : Prolog is widely used for working on
medical projects and also for designing expert AI systems.
(v) Java : Java can also be considered as a good
choice for AI development, Artificial intelligence has lot to do with search
algorithms, artificial neural networks and genetic programming.
1. Artificial intelligence refers to the
intellectual ability developed in an artificial way.
2. AI can be categorized into mainly two types
-Type-1 and Type-2.
3. Apple Siri is a good example of narrow artificial
intelligence.
4. Reactive machines have no memory and thus unable
to store data.
5. Importance of AI- game playing, voice
recognition, NLP, computer vision.
6. Al is used to improve productivity, efficiency
and accuracy.
7. Expert system is a computer program which
transforms knowledge of an expert into a software.
8. Inference Engine is known as the core of the
expert system
9. Dendral, Mycin, cadet are famous expert systems.
10. User interface, knowledge base and inference
engine sre the components of expert system.
11. Robotics is term derived from the word robot.
12. Some Languages used to develop AI are:
Python,R,Lisp,Prolog,Java etc.
Part-A
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Who brought the concept of AI?
a) Victor Allis
b) = Marvin Minsky
c) Alan Touring
d) John McCarthy
2 Which type of AI focuses on single set of
abilities & performs a particular task?
a) Super AI
b) Narrow AI
c) General AI
d) None of these.
3. Which one of AI type does not have
memory for data storage
a) Limited Memory
b) = Things of Mind
c) Reactive machines
d) Self Awareness
4. The conversion of natural language into
computer understandable form
a) Intrusion detection
b) = Machine translation
c) Identification
d) None of these.
5. Brain of expert system is :-
a) Knowledge base
b) = Inference engine
c) User Interface
d) None of these
6. Place where knowledge from the human
expert is collected
a) Domain expert
b) Knowledge Base
c) User
d) All of these
7. Robots which provides help for analyzing
the collected data are
a) Healthcare robots
b) Domestic robots
c) Military robots
d) Research robots
2. Fill in the Blanks:
1. _ Artificial Intelligence is divided into two
types and IL is a chess playing computer developed by IBM.
2. is a good example of narrow artificial
intelligence.
3. ______smachine have no memory.
4. MYCIN and are examples of earlier expert systems.
5. GenerationRobots are smart as humans,
3. Write the Full form of following:
1. AI IL_ GAI
2. NLP Iv. SAI
Part-B
4. Short Auswer Type Questions. (Write
the answers in 4-5 lines)
1. What is artificial intelligence?
2 What are the types and subtypes of AI? Depict them
with the help of diagram.
3. Differentiate between the narrow AI and general
AI.
4. What do you mean by expert systems? Give examples
of expert systems.
5. What is the difference between human system and
expert system?
6. What are Limitations of Expert systems?
7. Summarize about some computer languages used in
the field of AI?
Part-C
5. Long Answer Type Questions. (Write
the answers in 10-15 lines)
1. What are the applications of artificial
intelligence?
2 What is the importance of AI?
3, What are the Pros and Cons of Artificial
Intelligence?
4. Discuss the characteristics of expert systems?
1, Draw a chart to represent the Block Diagram of Expert System
